EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Jatropha curcas L.

Family:: Euphorbiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 7051
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Lectins in seed cake #2: Phorbol esters in seed cake #3: Trypsin inhibitors in seed cake #4: Phytic acid in seed cake #5: Saponins in seed cake (after removal of the oil) #6: Phorbol esters in seed #7: Phorbol esters in seeds #8: Phorbol in latex #9: Lectins in sap (including curcin and toxalbumin) #10: Trypsin-inhibitor in sap #11: Saponins in latex #12: Lectins in latex (including curcin and toxalbumin) #13: Phorbol in seeds #14: Saponins in seeds #15: Trypsin-inhibitor in seeds #16: Lectins in seeds (including curcin and toxalbumin) #17: Phorbol in sap #18: Saponins in sap

Endpoint Studies

#1: Gastrointestinal toxicity in children #2: Weight loss, changes in organ weights and mortality in rats after 45 days dosing of leave extract #3: Dysphagia and diarrhea after eating the fruit are commonly reported after human exposure #4: Vomiting, diarrhoea and severe abdominal pain in humans 15-30 minutes after ingestion of the seeds #5: Vomiting, diarrhoea and severe abdominal pain in humans 30 minutes after ingestion of the sap #6: Vomiting, swelling of the lips, redness of the face, dizziness and even collapse in humans after ingestion of the latex #7: Oral LD50 of fatty oil in rats

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Saetae, Donlaporn., Suntornsuk, Worapot. Toxic Compound, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake . international journal of molecular sciences, 2011, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 66–77. DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010066. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

seed cake (after removal of the oil)
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

lectin activity: 13.15 HU/mg protein
Analytical method code:

Hemagglutination inhibition (H subtype) test (F683A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lectins in seed cake

Composition #2: Saetae, Donlaporn., Suntornsuk, Worapot. Toxic Compound, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake . international journal of molecular sciences, 2011, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 66–77. DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010066. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

seed cake (after removal of the oil)
Substance:

Phorbol esters (RF-00004310-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.73
Internal remarks:

Phorbol esters in seed cake

Composition #3: Saetae, Donlaporn., Suntornsuk, Worapot. Toxic Compound, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake . international journal of molecular sciences, 2011, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 66–77. DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010066. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

seed cake (after removal of the oil)
Substance:

Trypsin inhibitors Trypsin inhibitors (RF-00004339-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Trypsin inhibitors 7.42 TIU/g
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

International Unit/gram (G252A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.42
Internal remarks:

Trypsin inhibitors in seed cake

Composition #4: Saetae, Donlaporn., Suntornsuk, Worapot. Toxic Compound, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake . international journal of molecular sciences, 2011, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 66–77. DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010066. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

seed cake (after removal of the oil)
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.55
Internal remarks:

Phytic acid in seed cake

Composition #5: Saetae, Donlaporn., Suntornsuk, Worapot. Toxic Compound, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake . international journal of molecular sciences, 2011, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 66–77. DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010066. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

diosgenin equivalent
Substance used for equivalence:

Diosgenin (RF-00004094-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

27.82
Internal remarks:

Saponins in seed cake (after removal of the oil)

Composition #6: Udomsap, Parncheewa., Duangmanee, Thitimapond., Chollacoop, Nuwong. Investigation of the Phorbol Ester Content in High Quality Biodiesel Production Process . 2011 international conference and utility exhibition on power and energy systems: issues & prospects for asia (icue), 2011 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Phorbol esters (RF-00004310-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.08
Internal remarks:

Phorbol esters in seed

Composition #7: Nakao, Motoyuki., Hasegawa, Go., Yasuhara, Tadashi., Ishihara, Yoko. Degradation of jatropha curcas phorbol esters derived from Jatropha oil cake and their tumor-promoting activity . ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 2015, vol. 114, p. 357–364. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Phorbol esters (RF-00004310-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phorbol esters in seeds

Composition #8: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

Latex
Substance:

phorbol (RF-00003989-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phorbol in latex

Composition #9: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

Sap
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

including curcin and toxalbumin
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lectins in sap (including curcin and toxalbumin)

Composition #10: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

Sap
Substance:

Trypsin inhibitors Trypsin inhibitors (RF-00004339-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Trypsin-inhibitor in sap

Composition #11: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

Sap
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in latex

Composition #12: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

latex
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

including curcin and toxalbumin
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lectins in latex (including curcin and toxalbumin)

Composition #13: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

phorbol (RF-00003989-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phorbol in seeds

Composition #14: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in seeds

Composition #15: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Trypsin inhibitors Trypsin inhibitors (RF-00004339-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Trypsin-inhibitor in seeds

Composition #16: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

including curcin and toxalbumin
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lectins in seeds (including curcin and toxalbumin)

Composition #17: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

Sap
Substance:

phorbol (RF-00003989-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phorbol in sap

Composition #18: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

Sap
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in sap

Endpoint study #1: Kulkarni, M. L., Sreekar, H., Keshavamurthy, K. S., Shenoy, Nivedita. Jatropha curcas - Poisoning. indian journal of pediatrics, 2005, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 75–76. DOI: 10.1007/BF02760586. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Minute (G074A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Piece (G133A)
Effect concentration:

1-4
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, fever
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Gastrointestinal toxicity in children

Endpoint study #2: See, G.L.L., Perez., Shemei., Tiongson., Diva., Arce, F.V., Jr., Deliman, Y.C. Acute and chronic toxicity studies of Tuba-tuba jatropha curcas L. (1753) leaf extract on albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). international journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research, 2016, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 1154–1159. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water, ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

45.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

200-1000
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

weight loss, anorexia, reluctance to move and restlessness, change in organ weight in an average of more than 10% and mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Weight loss, changes in organ weights and mortality in rats after 45 days dosing of leave extract

Endpoint study #3: Sriapha, Charuwan., Tongpoo, Achara., Wongvisavakorn, Sunun., Rittilert, Panee., Trakulsrichai, Satariya., Srisuma, Sahaphume., Wananukul, Winai. PLANT POISONING IN THAILAND: A 10-YEAR ANALYSIS FROM RAMATHIBODI POISON CENTER . southeast asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2015, vol. 46, no. 6, p. 1063–1076. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Number of organisms dosed:

2079
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

dysphagia and diarrhea
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food consumption (CHD007BE)
Internal remarks:

Dysphagia and diarrhea after eating the fruit are commonly reported after human exposure

Endpoint study #4: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Vomiting, diarrhoea and severe abdominal pain 15-30 minutes after ingestion
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Vomiting, diarrhoea and severe abdominal pain in humans 15-30 minutes after ingestion of the seeds

Endpoint study #5: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Sap
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Vomiting, diarrhoea and severe abdominal pain 15-30 minutes after ingestion
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Vomiting, diarrhoea and severe abdominal pain in humans 30 minutes after ingestion of the sap

Endpoint study #6: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Latex
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Vomiting, swelling of the lips, redness of the face, dizziness and even collapse.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Vomiting, swelling of the lips, redness of the face, dizziness and even collapse in humans after ingestion of the latex

Endpoint study #7: GANDHI, VM., CHERIAN, KM., MULKY, MJ. TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RATANJYOT OIL. food and chemical toxicology, 1995, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 39–42. DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(95)80246-0. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

oil
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Meal (G109A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

millilitre per kilogram (G253A)
Effect concentration:

6
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Diarrhoea and haemorrhagic (bloodshot) eyes; autopsy showed inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract; 100 % lethality at concentration level 9-13.5 ml/kg
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Oral LD50 of fatty oil in rats