EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Star anise (as plant) // Illicium verum Hook.f.

Family:: Schisandraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 975
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Estragol in essential oil of fruits #2: Phenylpropanoids in fruits #3: Estragol in essential oil of fruits

Endpoint Studies

#1: Case report in infant: He refused to feed, was irritable, had respiratory difficulty and respiratory acidosis, tonic clonic convulsions, upper GI bleed and oliguria #2: Convulsions and deaths in mice dosed with veranisatin A-C

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: De Vincenzi, M., Silano, M., Maialetti, F., Scazzocchio, B. Constituents of aromatic plants: II. Estragole. fitoterapia, 2000, vol. 71, no. 6, p. 725–729. DOI: 10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00153-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

reference to author's unpublished data - no details provided
Substance:

Estragole (RF-00003806-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5-6
Internal remarks:

Estragol in essential oil of fruits

Composition #2: Lee, SW., Li, G., Lee, KS., Jung, JS., Xu, ML., Seo, CS., Chang, HW., Kim, SK., Song, DK., Son, JK. Preventive agents against sepsis and new phenylpropanoid glucosides from the fruits of Illicium verum . planta medica, 2003, vol. 69, no. 9, p. 861–864. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

phenylpropanoids (RF-00004367-PAR)
Additional substance description:

2 phenylpropanoids and 4 phenylpropanoid glucosides were identified
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: HR-FAB-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phenylpropanoids in fruits

Composition #3: Rolli, Enrico., Marieschi, Matteo., Maietti, Silvia., Sacchetti, Gianni., Bruni, Renato. Comparative phytotoxicity of 25 essential oils on pre- and post-emergence development of Solanum lycopersicum L.: A multivariate approach . industrial crops and products, 2014, vol. 60, p. 280–290. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.021. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Steam distillation
Substance:

Estragole (RF-00003806-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.58
Internal remarks:

Estragol in essential oil of fruits

Endpoint study #1: Mattos Navarro, Pablo., Cordero Lobatón, Augusto., Bartos Miklos, Andrés. Intoxicación por anís estrellado en un lactante menor. revista de la sociedad boliviana de pediatría, 2007, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 105–107. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

infusion/ decoction
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Litre (G154A)
Effect concentration:

2
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

gastrointestinal disorders/a risk of toxicity and lethality: He refused to feed, was irritable, had respiratory difficulty and respiratory acidosis, tonic clonic convulsions, upper GI bleed and oliguria
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Case report in infant: He refused to feed, was irritable, had respiratory difficulty and respiratory acidosis, tonic clonic convulsions, upper GI bleed and oliguria

Endpoint study #2: Nakamura, T., Okuyama, E., Yamazaki, M. Neurotropic components from star anise (Illicium verum Hook fil). chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1996, vol. 44, no. 10, p. 1908–1914. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Veranisatins A, B, and C extracted from fruits and tested separately under the same conditions. Each had the same effect.
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

ddy mouse (CHD069ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

3
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

Convulsions and deaths
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Convulsions and deaths in mice dosed with veranisatin A-C