EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Illicium anisatum L. // Illicium religiosum Siebold & Zucc.

Family:: Schisandraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 308
Number of processed references:: 10

Compositions

#1: sikimitoxin in seeds #2: Sikimin, hananomin, anisatin in the fruits #3: anisatin in seeds #4: anisatin in seeds #5: neoanisatin in seeds #6: 2alpha-hydroxyneoanisatin, 7-deoxy-7beta- hydroxypseudoanisatin, 6-deoxymajucin, 6-deoxypseudoanisatin in seeds #7: pseudoanisatin in seeds

Endpoint Studies

#1: neurotoxicity and mortality in dogs #2: Cats: salivation, vomiting and mortality after dose 0.4 mg for 2,1 kg bw #3: The predominant symptoms were of the neurological type (irritability, tremors, nistagmus and seizures) #4: case reports - unconsciousness, vomiting #5: case reports - neurotoxicity #6: Case report: child intoxication with episodes of central cyanosis and tetany of the limbs; irritable behavior, neurological perturbations (horizontal nystagmus and Bell's phenomenon, hypertony of the extensor muscles, and mild hypotony of the axial flexor muscles)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Chou, T. Q. Sikimitoxin, the toxic principle of Illicium religiosum, Sieb. (Mang-t'sao). zhongguo shenglixue zazhi, 1927, vol. 1, p. 213–8. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

diterpene lactones (RF-00004306-PAR)
Additional substance description:

sikimitoxin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

crystallisation
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

sikimitoxin in seeds

Composition #2: Kawano, Nobusuke., Matsuo, Akemi. Toxic components of Illicium anisatum. I. yakugaku zasshi, 1958, vol. 78, p. 1220–3. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

anisatin (RF-00003685-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Sikimin, hananomin, anisatin
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sikimin, hananomin, anisatin in the fruits

Composition #3: Mathon, Caroline., Bongard, Benjamin., Duret, Monique., Ortelli, Didier., Christen, Philippe., Bieri, Stefan. Analysis of the neurotoxin anisatin in star anise by LC-MS/MS. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2013, vol. 30, no. 9, p. 1598–1605. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.804955. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water/methanol (9:1)
Substance:

anisatin (RF-00003685-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS/MS (F027A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

477
Internal remarks:

anisatin in seeds

Composition #4: Schrage, Marijn., Shen, Yao., Claassen, Frank W., Zuilhof, Han., Nielen, Michel W. F., Chen, Bo., van Beek, Tens A. Rapid and simple neurotoxin-based distinction of Chinese and Japanese star anise by direct plant spray mass spectrometry . journal of chromatography a, 2013, vol. 1317, p. 246–253. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.072. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional extraction description:

electrospray
Substance:

anisatin (RF-00003685-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Analytical method - additional description:

DART-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

anisatin in seeds

Composition #5: KOUNO, I., MORI, K., AKIYAMA, T., HASHIMOTO, M. 2 SESQUITERPENE LACTONES FROM ILLICIUM-ANISATUM. phytochemistry, 1991, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 351–353. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(91)84153-J. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

neoanisatin (RF-00003944-PAR)
Additional substance description:

2alpha-hydroxyneoanisatin, 7-deoxy-7beta- hydroxypseudoanisatin, 6-deoxymajucin, 6-deoxypseudoanisatin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

neoanisatin in seeds

Composition #6: KOUNO, I., MORI, K., AKIYAMA, T., HASHIMOTO, M. 2 SESQUITERPENE LACTONES FROM ILLICIUM-ANISATUM. phytochemistry, 1991, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 351–353. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(91)84153-J. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

2alpha-hydroxyneoanisatin, 7-deoxy-7beta- hydroxypseudoanisatin, 6-deoxymajucin, 6-deoxypseudoanisatin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

2alpha-hydroxyneoanisatin, 7-deoxy-7beta- hydroxypseudoanisatin, 6-deoxymajucin, 6-deoxypseudoanisatin in seeds

Composition #7: KOUNO, I., MORI, K., AKIYAMA, T., HASHIMOTO, M. 2 SESQUITERPENE LACTONES FROM ILLICIUM-ANISATUM. phytochemistry, 1991, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 351–353. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(91)84153-J. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

pseudoanisatin (RF-00004012-PAR)
Additional substance description:

2alpha-hydroxyneoanisatin, 7-deoxy-7beta- hydroxypseudoanisatin, 6-deoxymajucin, 6-deoxypseudoanisatin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pseudoanisatin in seeds

Endpoint study #1: Chen, K. K. A study of Illicium religiosum. journal of the american pharmaceutical association (1912-1977), 1926, vol. 15, p. 861–5. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Dog (as animal) (A0CNL)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

barking, scratching of ears, biting of the tail, shaking of the body, vomiting, defecation and mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity and mortality in dogs

Endpoint study #2: Chou, T. Q. Sikimitoxin, the toxic principle of Illicium religiosum, Sieb. (Mang-t'sao). zhongguo shenglixue zazhi, 1927, vol. 1, p. 213–8. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

sikimitoxin
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Cat (as animal) (A0CNM)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Minimum lethal dose (CHD077EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Effect concentration:

0.4
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

salivation, vomiting, paroxysm and mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Cats: salivation, vomiting and mortality after dose 0.4 mg for 2,1 kg bw

Endpoint study #3: Guerrero Fernández, J., Tagarro García, A., Valle Sánchez, A., García Aparicio, J., García García, S. Nine cases of poisoning by star anise Nueve casos de intoxicación por anís estrellado . revista espanola de pediatria, 2002, vol. 58, no. 344, p. 111–114. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

infusion/ decoction
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

The predominant symptoms were of the neurological type (irritability, tremors, nistagmus and seizures),
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

The predominant symptoms were of the neurological type (irritability, tremors, nistagmus and seizures)

Endpoint study #4: CALDWELL, A F., BARNES, J. An occurrence of toxic convulsions due to poisoning with Illicium religiosum. . journal of the royal army medical corps, 1957, vol. 103, no. 2, p. 91–4. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

unconsciousness, vomiting
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

case reports - unconsciousness, vomiting

Endpoint study #5: Ize-Ludlow, D., Ragone, S., Bruck, IS., Bernstein, JN., Duchowny, M., Pena, BMG. Neurotoxicities in infants seen with the consumption of star anise tea. pediatrics, 2004, vol. 114, no. 5, p. E653–E656. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-0058. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

7
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

included seizures, jitteriness, irritability, hyperexcitability, emesis, vertical nystagmus, and myoclonic movements
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

case reports - neurotoxicity

Endpoint study #6: Perret, C., Tabin, R., Marcoz, J. -P., Llor, J., Cheseaux, J. -J. Apparent life-threatening event in infants: Think about star anise intoxication! . archives de pediatrie, 2011, vol. 18, no. 7, p. 750–753. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2011.03.024. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

anisatin (RF-00003685-PAR)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

decoction
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

episodes of central cyanosis and tetany of the limbs; irritable behavior, neurological perturbations (horizontal nystagmus and Bell's phenomenon, hypertony of the extensor muscles, and mild hypotony of the axial flexor muscles)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mobility (CHD011BE)
Internal remarks:

Case report: child intoxication with episodes of central cyanosis and tetany of the limbs; irritable behavior, neurological perturbations (horizontal nystagmus and Bell's phenomenon, hypertony of the extensor muscles, and mild hypotony of the axial flexor muscles)