EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne.

Family:: Apocynaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 206
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Steroidal glycosides (10 gordonosides) in aerial parts #2: Oxypregnane steroidal glycosides in aerial parts #3: Pregnane derivatives (glycosides) in aerial parts #4: Total steroid glycoside content of dried Hoodia #5: pregnane glycosides in extract from H. gordonii plants

Endpoint Studies

#1: Digestive, cardiopulmonary, neurological effects in women (from review) #2: NOAEL No observed adverse effects level in pregnant mice at 5mg/kg/day (but fetal weight affected and uterus weights significantly lower at 15 and 50 mg/kg/ day doses) #3: Reduced food consumption and body weight gain in pregnant mice #4: Reproductive effects (fetal weight, uterine weight, runts, ossification) in pregnant mice and fetuses #5: Endocrine effects (inhibition of steroidal hormone secretion from adrenal cells in vitro) from plant extract #6: Cardiovascular effects in humans (from review article) #7: Mortality and body mass loss/swollen abdomens in rats (review article)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Dall'Acqua, Stefano., Innocenti, Gabbriella. Steroidal glycosides from Hoodia gordonii. steroids, 2007, vol. 72, no. 6-7, p. 559–568. DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.03.008. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Chloroform
Substance:

steroidal glycosides (RF-00011482-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Gordonosides A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: TLC and HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Steroidal glycosides (10 gordonosides) in aerial parts

Composition #2: Avula, Bharathi., Wang, Yan-Hong., Pawar, Rahul S., Shukla, Yatin J., Smillie, Troy J., Khan, Ikhlas A. Identification and structural characterization of steroidal glycosides in Hoodia gordonii by ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry . rapid communications in mass spectrometry, 2008, vol. 22, no. 16, p. 2587–2596. DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3651. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

steroidal glycosides (RF-00011482-PAR)
Additional substance description:

8 oxypregnane steroidal glycosides: P57 and Hoodigosides C, E, F, K, L, O, P
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: LC-MSD-TOF and ESI-MS/MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Oxypregnane steroidal glycosides in aerial parts

Composition #3: Shukla, Yatin J., Pawar, Rahul S., Ding, Yuanqing., Li, Xing-Cong., Ferreira, Daneel., Khan, Ikhas A. Pregnane glycosides from Hoodia gordonii. phytochemistry, 2009, vol. 70, no. 5, p. 675–683. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.02.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

CHCl3 (4 x 4L)
Substance:

pregnane derivatives (RF-00004313-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Pregnane glycosides: Hoodigosides W, X, Y, V, Z, and Hoodistanolosides A, B, Gordonosides F, B
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: column chromatography, TLC, GC-MS, HRESIMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pregnane derivatives (glycosides) in aerial parts

Composition #4: Knight, Tamsin L., Swindells, Chris M., Craddock, Andrew M., Maharaj, Vinesh J., Buchwald-Werner, Sybille., Ismaili, Smail Alaoui., McWilliam, Simon C. Cultivation practices and manufacturing processes to produce Hoodia gordonii extract for weight management products . food and chemical toxicology, 2012, vol. 50, p. S1–S5. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.042. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

steroidal glycosides (RF-00011482-PAR)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.78 - 1.23
Internal remarks:

Total steroid glycoside content of dried Hoodia

Composition #5: Komarnytsky, Slavko., Esposito, Debora., Poulev, Alexander., Raskin, Ilya. Pregnane glycosides interfere with steroidogenic enzymes to down-regulate corticosteroid production in human adrenocortical H295R cells . journal of cellular physiology, 2013, vol. 228, no. 5, p. 1120–1126. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24262. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol–dichloromethane extraction
Substance:

pregnane (RF-00004004-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pregnane glycosides
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

25
Internal remarks:

pregnane glycosides in extract from H. gordonii plants

Endpoint study #1: Shukla, Y.J., Khan, I.A., Geoffroy, P., Miesch, M., Atta-ur-Rahman. 14β-hydroxypregnanes from succulent plants belonging to hoodia gordonii and caralluma genus: Extraction, biological activities, and synthesis. studies in natural products chemistry, 2013, vol. 40, p. 327–358. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59603-1.00009-6. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per day (G233A)
Effect concentration:

2.2
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Nausea, vomiting, changes in touch sensations, and increased blood pressure, pulse, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase levels.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Digestive, cardiopulmonary, neurological effects in women (from review)

Endpoint study #2: Dent, M. P., Wolterbeek, A. P. M., Russell, P. J., Bradford, R. Safety profile of Hoodia gordonii extract: Mouse prenatal developmental toxicity study . food and chemical toxicology, 2012, vol. 50, p. S20–S25. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.017. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol extraction of dried whole plants, excluding roots
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

CD-1 (CHD003ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

13.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

No observed adverse effect level (CHD010EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

5
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Effect description:

There were no adverse effects observed at this dose, but many reproductive effects observed at higher doses from 15 mg/kg/day.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

NOAEL No observed adverse effects level in pregnant mice at 5mg/kg/day (but fetal weight affected and uterus weights significantly lower at 15 and 50 mg/kg/ day doses)

Endpoint study #3: Dent, M. P., Wolterbeek, A. P. M., Russell, P. J., Bradford, R. Safety profile of Hoodia gordonii extract: Mouse prenatal developmental toxicity study . food and chemical toxicology, 2012, vol. 50, p. S20–S25. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.017. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol extraction of dried whole plants, excluding roots
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

CD-1 (CHD003ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

13.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

15
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Feed consumption significantly reduced at 50 mg/kg-day and occasionally reduced at 15 mg/kg-day. Body weight gain reduced similarly.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food consumption (CHD007BE)
Internal remarks:

Reduced food consumption and body weight gain in pregnant mice

Endpoint study #4: Dent, M. P., Wolterbeek, A. P. M., Russell, P. J., Bradford, R. Safety profile of Hoodia gordonii extract: Mouse prenatal developmental toxicity study . food and chemical toxicology, 2012, vol. 50, p. S20–S25. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.017. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol extraction of dried whole plants, excluding roots
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

CD-1 (CHD003ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

13.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

15
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Decreased fetal weights and uterine weights, increased number of litters containing a runt, and reduced ossification of fetal bones. Observed at 15 and 50 mg/kg-day doses.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproductive effects (fetal weight, uterine weight, runts, ossification) in pregnant mice and fetuses

Endpoint study #5: Komarnytsky, Slavko., Esposito, Debora., Poulev, Alexander., Raskin, Ilya. Pregnane glycosides interfere with steroidogenic enzymes to down-regulate corticosteroid production in human adrenocortical H295R cells . journal of cellular physiology, 2013, vol. 228, no. 5, p. 1120–1126. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24262. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol-dichloromethane extraction followed by solvent-solvent partitioning to yield a pregnane glycoside-enriched extract (25% w:w) "Hge"
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Exposure duration:

24.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

75-90
Critical effect:

ENDOCRINE (TOX12A)
Target tissue:

Glandular (TT003A)
Effect description:

Steroid secretion from adrenal cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (cortisol, corticosterone, androstenedione).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

Endocrine effects (inhibition of steroidal hormone secretion from adrenal cells in vitro) from plant extract

Endpoint study #6: Smith, Carine., Krygsman, Annadie. Hoodia gordonii: To eat, or not to eat. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014, vol. 155, no. 2, p. 987–991. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.033. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Cardiovascular effects including increased heart rate and blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

Cardiovascular effects in humans (from review article)

Endpoint study #7: Smith, Carine., Krygsman, Annadie. Hoodia gordonii: To eat, or not to eat. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014, vol. 155, no. 2, p. 987–991. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.033. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

350
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Swollen abdomens, body mass loss and increased mortality within 48 hours
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality and body mass loss/swollen abdomens in rats (review article)