EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen // Gomphrena paniculata (Mart.) Moq. // Hebanthe paniculata Mart. // Hebanthe pulverulenta Mart. // Pfaffia paniculata (Mart.) Kuntze // Pfaffia pulverulenta (Mart.) Kuntze

Family:: Amaranthaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 124
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: saponins in root #2: Pentacyclic triterpene glycosides in roots #3: Saponins in roots #4: Pfaffic acid in roots #5: Pentacyclic triterpenic derivatives in roots #6: oleanolic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside in roots #7: Pfaffic acid in roots #8: Saponins in roots #9: Pfaffosides A, B and C in roots #10: Pfaffic acid in roots #11: Pfaffosides A, B, C, D, E, and F in roots

Endpoint Studies

#1: Increased reproductive hormone levels in male/female mice exposed to the root in drinking water

Genotoxicity

#1: Mutagenic in Ames test (strain TA 100 with and without metabolic activation) with water extract of P. paniculata (root)

Composition #1: De Oliveira, Fernando., Akisue, Gokithi., Akisue, Maria Kubata. Contribution to the pharmacognostic study of Brazilian ginseng Pfaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze. anais de farmacia e quimica de sao paulo, 1980, vol. 20(1-2), p. 261–77. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4-11.1
Internal remarks:

saponins in root

Composition #2: Gao, H., Ma, X.-J., Wen, X.-S., Chen, D.-H., Si, J.-Y. Chemical constituents from Pfaffia paniculata. chinese traditional and herbal drugs, 2009, vol. 40, no. 4, p. 522–525. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Column Chromatography
Substance:

pentacyclic triterpene glycosides pentacyclic triterpene glycosides (RF-00004328-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pentacyclic triterpene glycosides in roots

Composition #3: Oshima, M., Gu, Y. Pfaffia paniculata-induced changes in plasma estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and testosterone levels in mice . journal of reproduction and development, 2003, vol. 49, no. 2, p. 175–180. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

identification by "spectroscope"
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in roots

Composition #4: Oshima, M., Gu, Y. Pfaffia paniculata-induced changes in plasma estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and testosterone levels in mice . journal of reproduction and development, 2003, vol. 49, no. 2, p. 175–180. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

pfaffic acid (RF-00004195-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

identification by "spectroscope"
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pfaffic acid in roots

Composition #5: Li, Jing., Jadhav, Atul N., Khan, Ikhlas A. Triterpenoids from Brazilian Ginseng, Pfaffia paniculata. planta medica, 2010, vol. 76, no. 6, p. 635–639. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240631. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Pentacyclic triterpenic derivatives Pentacyclic triterpenic derivatives (RF-00004309-PAR)
Additional substance description:

mesembryanthemoidigenic acid, pfaffine A and pfaffine B
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HR-ESI-MS, NMR, IR spec, HPLC-UV, TLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pentacyclic triterpenic derivatives in roots

Composition #6: Li, Jing., Jadhav, Atul N., Khan, Ikhlas A. Triterpenoids from Brazilian Ginseng, Pfaffia paniculata. planta medica, 2010, vol. 76, no. 6, p. 635–639. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240631. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Oleanolic saponins (RF-00010814-PAR)
Additional substance description:

oleanolic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HR-ESI-MS, NMR, IR spec, HPLC-UV, TLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oleanolic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside in roots

Composition #7: Vilela, Gisele F., Ming, Lin C., Marques, Marcia O. M., da Silva, Sandra M. P., Montanari Junior, Ilio. Agronomical and phytochemical aspects of fafia. horticultura brasileira, 2013, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 133–138. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hydroalcohol
Substance:

pfaffic acid (RF-00004195-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Analytical method - additional description:

LC-DAD-MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.37-0.64
Internal remarks:

Pfaffic acid in roots

Composition #8: Vilela, Gisele F., Ming, Lin C., Marques, Marcia O. M., da Silva, Sandra M. P., Montanari Junior, Ilio. Agronomical and phytochemical aspects of fafia. horticultura brasileira, 2013, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 133–138. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Boiled in water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Foam Index
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in roots

Composition #9: NISHIMOTO, N., NAKAI, S., TAKAGI, N., HAYASHI, S., TAKEMOTO, T., ODASHIMA, S., KIZU, H., WADA, Y. PFAFFOSIDES AND NORTRITERPENOID SAPONINS FROM PFAFFIA-PANICULATA. phytochemistry, 1984, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 139–142. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(84)83094-0. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot methanol
Substance:

Pfaffosides (RF-00004314-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Phaffosides A, B and C
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR, chromatographic methods
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pfaffosides A, B and C in roots

Composition #10: NISHIMOTO, N., NAKAI, S., TAKAGI, N., HAYASHI, S., TAKEMOTO, T., ODASHIMA, S., KIZU, H., WADA, Y. PFAFFOSIDES AND NORTRITERPENOID SAPONINS FROM PFAFFIA-PANICULATA. phytochemistry, 1984, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 139–142. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(84)83094-0. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot methanol
Substance:

pfaffic acid (RF-00004195-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR, chromatographic methods
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pfaffic acid in roots

Composition #11: NAKAI, S., TAKAGI, N., MIICHI, H., HAYASHI, S., NISHIMOTO, N., TAKEMOTO, T., KIZU, H. PFAFFOSIDES .2. PFAFFOSIDES, NORTRITERPENOID SAPONINS, FROM PFAFFIA-PANICULATA . phytochemistry, 1984, vol. 23, no. 8, p. 1703–1705. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83473-1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot methanol, followed by n-butanol partitioning
Substance:

Pfaffosides (RF-00004314-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Pfaffosides A, B, C, D, E, F
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pfaffosides A, B, C, D, E, and F in roots

Endpoint study #1: Oshima, M., Gu, Y. Pfaffia paniculata-induced changes in plasma estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and testosterone levels in mice . journal of reproduction and development, 2003, vol. 49, no. 2, p. 175–180. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

powdered root dissolved in drinking water and supplied in ad libitum
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

ICR (CHD044ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/100 millilitre (G014A)
Effect concentration:

5
Critical effect:

ENDOCRINE (TOX12A)
Effect description:

Females dosed with the root had statistically significantly higher plasma concentrations of estradiol-17beta and progesterone and males higher plasma concentration of testosterone
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

Increased reproductive hormone levels in male/female mice exposed to the root in drinking water

Genotox #1: RIVERA, IG., MARTINS, MT., SANCHEZ, PS., SATO, MIZ., COELHO, MCL., AKISUE, M., AKISUE, G. GENOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT THROUGH THE AMES TEST OF MEDICINAL-PLANTS COMMONLY USED IN BRAZIL . environmental toxicology and water quality, 1994, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 87–93. DOI: 10.1002/tox.2530090203. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial gene mutation assay (CHD027TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 100 (CHD024ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with and without
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Mutagenicity ratio >= 2.0 Ames test of water extracts of roots with (2.27) and without (2.68) metabolic activation using S. typhimurium strain TA100.
Internal remarks:

Mutagenic in Ames test (strain TA 100 with and without metabolic activation) with water extract of P. paniculata (root)
Internal ID:

WOS:A1994NH89300002