EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Gossypium arboreum L.

Family:: Malvaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1526
Number of processed references:: 3

Compositions

#1: gossypol in cottonseeds #2: Tannins in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: alpha-amylase inhibition #2: alpha-glucosidase inhibition #3: Free Gossypol: impairment of male and female reproduction - studies quoted on hamster, rat, bull, sheep, goat and human cases quoted #4: Free Gossypol hepatoxicity in chickens and broilers: increased plasma gamma glutamyltransferase activity and liver lipidosis #5: General signs of acute toxicity are similar among animal species and include respiratory distress, impaired body weight gain, anorexia, weakness, apathy, and death after several days. #6: In vivo and in vitro mouse and rat experiments also demonstrated that gossypol has immunosuppressive activity which operates by affecting lymphocytes through inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Stipanovic, Robert D., Puckhaber, Lorraine S., Bell, Alois A., Percival, Albert E., Jacobs, John. Occurrence of (+)- and (-)-Gossypol in Wild Species of Cotton and in Gossypium hirsutum Var. marie-galante (Watt) Hutchinson. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2005, vol. 53, no. 16, p. 6266–6271. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

A derivatizing reagent [88% UV-grade acetonitrile, 10% glacial acetic acid, and 2% (R)-(-)-2-amino-1-propanol] was prepared
Substance:

Free gossypol (RF-00000332-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

54.8-78.8
Internal remarks:

gossypol in cottonseeds

Composition #2: Kazeem, Mutiu Idowu., Abimbola, Stella Gbemisola., Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom. Inhibitory potential of Gossypium arboreum leaf extracts on diabetes key enzymes, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase . bangladesh journal of pharmacology, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 149–155. DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v8i2.14152. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Tannins were found in both the acetone-extracted sample and the water-extracted sample
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Kazeem, Mutiu Idowu., Abimbola, Stella Gbemisola., Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom. Inhibitory potential of Gossypium arboreum leaf extracts on diabetes key enzymes, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase . bangladesh journal of pharmacology, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 149–155. DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v8i2.14152. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

acetone, ethanol and water extractions were all tested, and the range of values for IC50 represents the range of values across those 3 separate extracts
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

10.1-15.8
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alpha-amylase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-amylase inhibition

Endpoint study #2: Kazeem, Mutiu Idowu., Abimbola, Stella Gbemisola., Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom. Inhibitory potential of Gossypium arboreum leaf extracts on diabetes key enzymes, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase . bangladesh journal of pharmacology, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 149–155. DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v8i2.14152. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

acetone, ethanol and water extractions were all tested, and the range of values for IC50 represents the range of values across those 3 separate extracts
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

2.8-11.3
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition

Endpoint study #3: Gadelha, Ivana Cristina N., Fonseca, Nayanna Brunna S., Oloris, Silvia Catarina S., Melo, Marilia M., Soto-Blanco, Benito. Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products. scientific world journal, 2014 . DOI: 10.1155/2014/231635. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Free gossypol (RF-00000332-TOX)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Hamster (as animal) (A0CNX)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

10
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

the most common toxic effects is the impairment of male and female reproduction - studies quoted on hamster, rat, bull, sheep, goat and human cases
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Free Gossypol: impairment of male and female reproduction - studies quoted on hamster, rat, bull, sheep, goat and human cases quoted

Endpoint study #4: Gadelha, Ivana Cristina N., Fonseca, Nayanna Brunna S., Oloris, Silvia Catarina S., Melo, Marilia M., Soto-Blanco, Benito. Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products. scientific world journal, 2014 . DOI: 10.1155/2014/231635. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Free gossypol (RF-00000332-TOX)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

21.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.1
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

increased plasma gamma glutamyltransferase activity and liver lipidosis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Free Gossypol hepatoxicity in chickens and broilers: increased plasma gamma glutamyltransferase activity and liver lipidosis

Endpoint study #5: Gadelha, Ivana Cristina N., Fonseca, Nayanna Brunna S., Oloris, Silvia Catarina S., Melo, Marilia M., Soto-Blanco, Benito. Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products. scientific world journal, 2014 . DOI: 10.1155/2014/231635. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Free gossypol (RF-00000332-TOX)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Mammals (as animal) (A056H)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

General signs of acute toxicity are similar among animal species and include respiratory distress, impaired body weight gain, anorexia, weakness, apathy, and death after several days. Heart failure was reported in calves
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

General signs of acute toxicity are similar among animal species and include respiratory distress, impaired body weight gain, anorexia, weakness, apathy, and death after several days.

Endpoint study #6: Gadelha, Ivana Cristina N., Fonseca, Nayanna Brunna S., Oloris, Silvia Catarina S., Melo, Marilia M., Soto-Blanco, Benito. Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products. scientific world journal, 2014 . DOI: 10.1155/2014/231635. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Free gossypol (RF-00000332-TOX)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

IMMUNOTOXICITY (TOX09A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Lymph Nodes (TT013A)
Effect description:

In vivo and in vitro mouse experiments also demonstrated that gossypol has immunosuppressive activity which operates by affecting lymphocytes through inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis; death after several days
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

immunology (CHD026BE)
Internal remarks:

In vivo and in vitro mouse and rat experiments also demonstrated that gossypol has immunosuppressive activity which operates by affecting lymphocytes through inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis