EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Goat´s rue (as plant) // Galega officinalis L.

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 387
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: Galegine (seeds) #2: peganine alkaloid in the aerial parts #3: alkaloids ((α-hydroxytrimethylene)-4-quinazolone) n the aerial parts #4: galegine and 4-hydroxygalegine in the aerial parts #5: Alkaloids (unspecified) #6: Tannins (unspecified) #7: saponin (unspecified) #8: Cardiac glycoside (unspecified) #9: Protoalkaloids (herb) #10: Benzophenanthridine alkaloids (herb) #11: Quinoline alkaloids (herb) #12: Isoquinoline alkaloids (herb) #13: Pyrrolidine alkaloids (herb) #14: Galegine (leaf) #15: Galegine (stem)

Endpoint Studies

#1: Death can occur rapidly by acute pulmonary oedema and severe hydrothorax inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (sheep) #2: Acute asphyxic syndrome, atypical voluminous hydrothorax and an anxious behaviour in cattle (Twenty cows died within 1 to 2 days and twelve others showed severe respiratory troubles.) #3: Liver and lung serve as target organs in oral toxicity: Reduction in urea, elevated cholesterol levels, rare red spots indicating lung hemorrhage in some of animals in the highest dose in both male and female.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Barger, Geo., White, F. D. Constitution of galegine. biochemical journal, 1923, vol. 17, p. 827–35. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

galegine (RF-00003820-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Qualitative Method
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Galegine (seeds)

Composition #2: Linyuchev, V. P., Ban'kovskii, A. I. Alkaloids of Galega officinalis. trudy vsesoyuz. nauch.-issledovatel. inst. lekarstv. i aromat. rast., 1959, vol. (No. 11), p. 65–9. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

peganine (RF-00003980-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

peganine alkaloid in the aerial parts

Composition #3: Linyuchev, V. P., Ban'kovskii, A. I. Alkaloids of Galega officinalis. trudy vsesoyuz. nauch.-issledovatel. inst. lekarstv. i aromat. rast., 1959, vol. (No. 11), p. 65–9. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(α-hydroxytrimethylene)-4-quinazolone
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids ((α-hydroxytrimethylene)-4-quinazolone) n the aerial parts

Composition #4: Rosca, M., Tamas, M. Studies on Galegae Herba products. farmacia (bucharest, romania), 1988, vol. 36, no. 4, p. 217–21. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

galegine (RF-00003820-PAR)
Additional substance description:

4-hydroxygalegine
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

galegine and 4-hydroxygalegine in the aerial parts

Composition #5: Luka, C. D., Omoniwa, B. P. Effect of some phytochemicals extracted from Goat's rue (Galega officinalis) on some biochemical parameters in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. journal of natural product and plant resources, 2012, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 628–632. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Qualitative Method
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids (unspecified)

Composition #6: Luka, C. D., Omoniwa, B. P. Effect of some phytochemicals extracted from Goat's rue (Galega officinalis) on some biochemical parameters in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. journal of natural product and plant resources, 2012, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 628–632. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Qualitative Method
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins (unspecified)

Composition #7: Luka, C. D., Omoniwa, B. P. Effect of some phytochemicals extracted from Goat's rue (Galega officinalis) on some biochemical parameters in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. journal of natural product and plant resources, 2012, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 628–632. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Qualitative Method
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponin (unspecified)

Composition #8: Luka, C. D., Omoniwa, B. P. Effect of some phytochemicals extracted from Goat's rue (Galega officinalis) on some biochemical parameters in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. journal of natural product and plant resources, 2012, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 628–632. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Qualitative Method
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycoside (unspecified)

Composition #9: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O/MeOH/FA; 49.5:49.5:1 v/v/v
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Protoalkaloids
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Protoalkaloids (herb)

Composition #10: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O/MeOH/FA; 49.5:49.5:1 v/v/v
Substance:

benzophenanthridine alkaloids (RF-00010802-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Benzophenanthridine alkaloids (herb)

Composition #11: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O/MeOH/FA; 49.5:49.5:1 v/v/v
Substance:

Quinoline alkaloids (RF-00004326-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Quinoline alkaloids (herb)

Composition #12: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O/MeOH/FA; 49.5:49.5:1 v/v/v
Substance:

Isoquinoline (RF-00008527-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Isoquinoline alkaloids (herb)

Composition #13: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O/MeOH/FA; 49.5:49.5:1 v/v/v
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pyrrolidine alkaloids
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pyrrolidine alkaloids (herb)

Composition #14: Oldham, Michelle., Ransom, Corey V., Ralphs, Michael H., Gardner, Dale R. Galegine Content in Goatsrue (Galega officinalis) Varies by Plant Part and Phenological Growth Stage . weed science, 2011, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 349–352. DOI: 10.1614/WS-D-10-00169.1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methyl chloride and water
Substance:

galegine (RF-00003820-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS (F026A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.80-6.22
Internal remarks:

Galegine (leaf)

Composition #15: Oldham, Michelle., Ransom, Corey V., Ralphs, Michael H., Gardner, Dale R. Galegine Content in Goatsrue (Galega officinalis) Varies by Plant Part and Phenological Growth Stage . weed science, 2011, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 349–352. DOI: 10.1614/WS-D-10-00169.1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methyl chloride and water
Substance:

galegine (RF-00003820-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS (F026A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.27-1.85
Internal remarks:

Galegine (stem)

Endpoint study #1: Fraiture, A. Toxicity to livestock and medicinal uses of Galega officinalis (Leguminosae) and galegine Toxicité pour le bétail et usages médicinaux du Galega officinalis (Leguminosae) et de la galégine . annales de medecine veterinaire, 2014, vol. 158, no. 2, p. 99–108. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

38
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

Death can occur rapidly by acute pulmonary oedema and severe hydrothorax inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Death can occur rapidly by acute pulmonary oedema and severe hydrothorax inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (sheep)

Endpoint study #2: Roch, N., Buronfosse, F., Grancher, D. Cattle poisoning by French honeysuckle (Galega officinalis L.). revue de medecine veterinaire, 2007, vol. 158, no. 1, p. 3–6. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

hey contaminated with the plant
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

32
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

Acute asphyxic syndrome, atypical voluminous hydrothorax and an anxious behaviour in cattle (Twenty cows died within 1 to 2 days and twelve others showed severe respiratory troubles.)out of 32 cows, 20 died and 12 showed serious respiratory troubles;
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute asphyxic syndrome, atypical voluminous hydrothorax and an anxious behaviour in cattle (Twenty cows died within 1 to 2 days and twelve others showed severe respiratory troubles.)

Endpoint study #3: Rasekh, Hamid R., Nazari, Pardis., Kamli-Nejad, Mohammad., Hosseinzadeh, Leila. Acute and subchronic oral toxicity of Galega officinalis in rats. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2008, vol. 116, no. 1, p. 21–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.030. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

Gram (G148A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

5
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

respiratory: Lung (TT041A)
Effect description:

Liver and lung serve as target organs in oral toxicity: Reduction in urea, elevated cholesterol levels, rare red spots indicating lung hemorrhage in some of animals in the highest dose in both male and female.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Liver and lung serve as target organs in oral toxicity: Reduction in urea, elevated cholesterol levels, rare red spots indicating lung hemorrhage in some of animals in the highest dose in both male and female.