EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan (Erythrophleum guineense G. Don)

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 173
Number of processed references:: 11

Compositions

#1: diterpene alkaloid (erythrophleguine) in bark. #2: Saponins in the bark. #3: Cassaine in bark #4: diterpene alkaloids (norcassamidine, norerythrosuamine and dehydronorerythrosuamine) in bark #5: diterpene alkaloid (erythrosuavine) in bark. #6: Tannins in wood. #7: diterpene alkaloids (cassamidine, coumidine and erythrosuamine) in bark. #8: diterpene alkaloids cassamide, erythrophlamide, cassaide and 3-beta-acetoxy-7-beta-hydroxy-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl-E-13(15)- cassen-16-amide) in bark.

Endpoint Studies

#1: Acute cardio- and haematotoxicity in rabbits, leaf extract p.o. #2: Subchronic cardio- and haematotoxicity in rabbits, leaf extract p.o., #3: Hepatotoxicity, 28 day oral study, rat #4: Mortality of sheep fed dried leaves by gavage

Genotoxicity

#1: Positive chromosomal abberation test in rats, i.p.

Composition #1: Lindwall, Olle., Sandberg, Finn., Thorsen, Rune., Norin, Torbjorn. Erythrophleguine, a new alkaloid from the bark of Erythrophleum guineense. tetrahedron letters, 1965, vol. (47), p. 4203–8. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Erythrophleguine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

diterpene alkaloid (erythrophleguine) in bark.

Composition #2: Akinpelu, B. A., Dare, C. A., Adebesin, F. I., Iwalewa, E. O., Oyedapo, O. O. Effect of stem-bark of Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perri.) saponin on fresh water snail (Lanistes lybicus) tissues. african journal of environmental science and technology, 2012, vol. 6, no. 11, p. 446–451. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Unspecified saponin mixture
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in the bark.

Composition #3: Friedrich-Fiechtl, J., Spiteller, G. Use of mass spectrum analysis for structure elucidation of alkaloids. X. New alkaloids from Erythrophleum guineense and about Muawin . . chemische berichte, 1971, vol. 104, no. 11, p. 3335–48. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified solvent, a reference given instead
Substance:

cassaine (RF-00003733-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

combined with MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cassaine in bark

Composition #4: Friedrich-Fiechtl, J., Spiteller, G. Use of mass spectrum analysis for structure elucidation of alkaloids. X. New alkaloids from Erythrophleum guineense and about Muawin . . chemische berichte, 1971, vol. 104, no. 11, p. 3335–48. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified solvent, a reference given instead
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Norcassamidine, norerythrosuamine and dehydronorerythrosuamine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

combined with MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

diterpene alkaloids (norcassamidine, norerythrosuamine and dehydronorerythrosuamine) in bark

Composition #5: Manfouo, RN., Lontsi, D., Ngounou, FN., Ngadjui, BT., Sondengam, BL. Erythrosuavine, a new diterpenic alkaloid from Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan . bulletin of the chemical society of ethiopia, 2005, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 69–74. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

N-acetyl-9,11-dehydro-6-ketocassadinyl-3-acetate = erythrosuavine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

diterpene alkaloid (erythrosuavine) in bark.

Composition #6: Saha, Jean-Bosco Tchinda., Abia, Daouda., Dumarcay, Stephane., Ndikontar, Maurice Kor., Gerardin, Philippe., Noah, Joseph Ngamveng., Perrin, Dominique. Antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and chemical compositions of extracts from four Cameroonian woods: Padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taubb), tali (Erythrophleum suaveolens), moabi (Baillonella toxisperma), and movingui (Distemonanthus benthamianus) . industrial crops and products, 2013, vol. 41, p. 71–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.012. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Wood (as part-nature) (A166P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

sawdust extracted with dichloromethane or acetone or toluene-ethanol or water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Determined indirectly as gallic acid, a product of Tannin hydrolysis
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in wood.

Composition #7: THORELL, A., AGURELL, S., SANDBERG, F., NORIN, T. 3 NEW ALKALOIDS FROM BARK OF ERYTHROPHLEUM GUINEENSE G DON SYN E SUAVEOLENS (GUILL + PERR) BRENAN . acta chemica scandinavica, 1968, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 2835–&. DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.22-2835. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified, ref. given.
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cassaidine, coumidine and erythrosuamine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

melting point, tlc, ..
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

diterpene alkaloids (cassamidine, coumidine and erythrosuamine) in bark.

Composition #8: CRONLUND, A. NEW ALKALOIDS FROM ERYTHROPHLEUM SPECIES. planta medica, 1973, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 371–374. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified extraction.
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cassamide, erythrophlamide, cassaide and 3-beta-acetoxy-7-beta-hydroxy-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl-E-13(15)- cassen-16-amide
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

diterpene alkaloids cassamide, erythrophlamide, cassaide and 3-beta-acetoxy-7-beta-hydroxy-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl-E-13(15)- cassen-16-amide) in bark.

Endpoint study #1: Ashun, E., Oladimeji-Salami, J., Lartey-Young, G., Appah, J.K.M. Ameliorative effects of tamarind on the toxicity of Erythrophleum suaveolens in rabbits. toxicology and environmental health sciences, 2017, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 199–208. DOI: 10.1007/s13530-017-0321-5. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Soaking in water followed by evaporation to dryness
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OTHER GUIDELINE (OECD2246PL)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

80
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Clinical signs: increased appetite, dypsnoea, tachycardia, polypnoea, palpitations, weak heartbeat, sternal recumbence, ataxia, oral irritation, lethargy, stupefaction, back arching, convulsion and death. One dose only
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute cardio- and haematotoxicity in rabbits, leaf extract p.o.

Endpoint study #2: Ashun, E., Oladimeji-Salami, J., Lartey-Young, G., Appah, J.K.M. Ameliorative effects of tamarind on the toxicity of Erythrophleum suaveolens in rabbits. toxicology and environmental health sciences, 2017, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 199–208. DOI: 10.1007/s13530-017-0321-5. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Soaking in water followed by evaporation to dryness
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

No
Guideline used:

No guideline followed
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

35.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

20
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Changes in haematological and biochemical parameters; Clinical signs reminding of digitalis toxicity. One dose only
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Subchronic cardio- and haematotoxicity in rabbits, leaf extract p.o.,

Endpoint study #3: Adisa, Rahmat Adetutu., Nwalioba, Cosmos U., Akujobi, Sylvia., Oribabor, Jude. Sub-Acute Administration of Ethanol Extracts of Erythrophloem suavolens Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Strain Albino Rats . faseb journal, 2016, vol. 30 . .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

50
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

liver toxicity shown by effect on liver enzymes and histopathology
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity, 28 day oral study, rat

Endpoint study #4: NWUDE, N., CHINEME, CN. INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE TOXICITY OF THE LEAVES OF ERYTHROPHLEUM-GUINEENSE DON IN SHEEP . research in veterinary science, 1980, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 112–115. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

Dried and pulverised
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
Effect concentration:

0.25
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

death; multiorgan damage
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality of sheep fed dried leaves by gavage

Genotox #1: Sowemimo, A. A., Fakoya, F. A., Awopetu, I., Omobuwajo, O. R., Adesanya, S. A. Toxicity and mutagenic activity of some selected Nigerian plants. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 113, no. 3, p. 427–432. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.024. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

chromosome aberration assay (CHD047TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

No guideline followed
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

9
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

increasing chromosomal damage at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg per day of leaves extract.
Internal remarks:

Positive chromosomal abberation test in rats, i.p.
Internal ID:

WOS:000250117700007