Draft - work in progress
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- Equisetum palustre L.
Equisetum palustre L.
- Family:
- Equisetaceae
- Approval state:
- Approved
- Number of articles retrieved:
- 199
- Number of processed references:
- 7
Composition #1: Glet, E., Gutschmidt, J., Glet, P. Das Alkaloid im Equisetum palustre. hoppe-seyler's zeitschrift fur physiologische chemie, 1936, vol. 244, no. 5, p. 229–234. DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1936.244.5.229.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
Multistep extraction - precipitation
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Substance:
palustrine (RF-00003973-PAR)
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Analytical method - additional description:
Titration
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Result unit:
Milligram/gram (G060A)
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Result expression:
Dry matter (B002A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
9.5
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Internal remarks:
Palustrine isolation and titrimetric determination.
Composition #2: Milovanovic, Vesna., Radulovic, Niko., Mitic, Violeta., Palic, Radosav., Stojanovic, Gordana. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Equisetum palustre L. and Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 310–314. .
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Plant part:
Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Substance:
beta-thujone (RF-00003712-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
GC-MS (F046A)
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Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
1.4
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Internal remarks:
alpha-thujone in stem
Composition #3: Milovanovic, Vesna., Radulovic, Niko., Mitic, Violeta., Palic, Radosav., Stojanovic, Gordana. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Equisetum palustre L. and Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 310–314. .
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Plant part:
Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Substance:
alpha-Ionone (RF-00007885-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
GC-MS (F046A)
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Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
3.1
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Internal remarks:
alpha ionone in stem
Composition #4: Milovanovic, Vesna., Radulovic, Niko., Mitic, Violeta., Palic, Radosav., Stojanovic, Gordana. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Equisetum palustre L. and Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 310–314. .
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Plant part:
Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Substance:
(E)-Geranylacetone (RF-00010018-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
GC-MS (F046A)
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Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
2.5
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Internal remarks:
E-geranyl acetone in stem
Composition #5: Milovanovic, Vesna., Radulovic, Niko., Mitic, Violeta., Palic, Radosav., Stojanovic, Gordana. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Equisetum palustre L. and Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 310–314. .
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Plant part:
Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Substance:
beta-Ionone epoxide (RF-00010145-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
(E)-β-ionone-5,6-epoxide
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Analytical method code:
GC-MS (F046A)
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Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
2.3
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Internal remarks:
(E)-β-ionone-5,6-epoxide in stem
Composition #6: Milovanovic, Vesna., Radulovic, Niko., Mitic, Violeta., Palic, Radosav., Stojanovic, Gordana. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Equisetum palustre L. and Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 310–314. .
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Plant part:
Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Substance:
beta-Ionone (RF-00010106-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
GC-MS (F046A)
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Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
4.1
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Internal remarks:
beta-ionone in stem
Composition #7: Milovanovic, Vesna., Radulovic, Niko., Mitic, Violeta., Palic, Radosav., Stojanovic, Gordana. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Equisetum palustre L. and Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 310–314. .
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Plant part:
Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Substance:
beta-Damascenone (RF-00010142-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
GC-MS (F046A)
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Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
1.3
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Internal remarks:
1 (E)-β-damascenone in stem
Composition #8: Wei, Zuo-Fu., Chen, Yung-Husan., Sung, Ping-Jyun., Wang, Guey-Horng., Liou, Jing-Ru., Wang, Sheng-Yang., Chang, Shang-Tzen., Zu, Yuan Gang., Chiang, Michael Y., Fu, Yu-Jie., Chang, Fang-Rong. Equisetumone, a novel 4-5-olide secocaryophyllane sesquiterpene from Equisetum palustre . rsc advances, 2014, vol. 4, no. 86, p. 45749–45752. DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08118h.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
Ethanol - water 80:20 v/v
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Substance:
Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
equisetumone, 4-5-olide secocaryophyllane sesquiterpene
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Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
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Analytical method - additional description:
HR-ESI-MS
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Result unit:
Milligram (G155A)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
10
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Internal remarks:
Isolation and identification of a novel sesquiterpene lactone from the plant (unspecified part).
Composition #9: Cramer, Luise., Ernst, Ludger., Lubienski, Marcus., Papke, Uli., Schiebel, Hans-Martin., Jerz, Gerold., Beuerle, Till. Structural and quantitative analysis of Equisetum alkaloids. phytochemistry, 2015, vol. 116, p. 269–282. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.003.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
Methanol
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Substance:
Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
Palustrine and palustrine derivatives: N5-formylpalustrine, N5-acetylpalustrine, palustridiene, N5-formylpalustridiene
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Substance used for equivalence:
palustrine (RF-00003973-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Analytical method - additional description:
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS
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Result unit:
Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
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Result expression:
Dry matter (B002A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
218.2-488.9
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Internal remarks:
Piperidine alkaloid and palustrin derivatives in aerial part of the plant.
Composition #10: Cramer, Luise., Ernst, Ludger., Lubienski, Marcus., Papke, Uli., Schiebel, Hans-Martin., Jerz, Gerold., Beuerle, Till. Structural and quantitative analysis of Equisetum alkaloids. phytochemistry, 2015, vol. 116, p. 269–282. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.003.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
Methanol
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Substance:
Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
Palustrine and palustrine derivatives: N5-formylpalustrine, N5-acetylpalustrine, palustridiene, N5-formylpalustridiene
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Substance used for equivalence:
palustrine (RF-00003973-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Analytical method - additional description:
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS
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Result unit:
Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
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Result expression:
Dry matter (B002A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
245-367
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Internal remarks:
Piperidine alkaloids and palustrine derivatives in the underground parts
Composition #11: Cramer, Luise., Ernst, Ludger., Lubienski, Marcus., Papke, Uli., Schiebel, Hans-Martin., Jerz, Gerold., Beuerle, Till. Structural and quantitative analysis of Equisetum alkaloids. phytochemistry, 2015, vol. 116, p. 269–282. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.003.
[
DOI link]
-
-
Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
Methanol
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Substance:
palustrine (RF-00003973-PAR)
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Substance used for equivalence:
palustrine (RF-00003973-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Analytical method - additional description:
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS + NMR, ESI-MS
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Result unit:
Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
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Result expression:
Dry matter (B002A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
429
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Internal remarks:
Palustrine in the aerial parts isolation identification and quantification.
Composition #12: Cortinovis, Cristina., Caloni, Francesca. Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe. toxins, 2015, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 5301–5307. DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124884.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Additional extraction description:
unspecified
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Substance:
Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
Unspecified (F598A)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Piperidine alkaloids in aerial parts of the plant mentioned with a reference to the original paper.
Composition #13: Cortinovis, Cristina., Caloni, Francesca. Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe. toxins, 2015, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 5301–5307. DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124884.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Additional extraction description:
unspecified
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Substance:
Nicotine (RF-0809-001-PPP)
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Analytical method code:
Unspecified (F598A)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Nicotine in aerial parts of the plant; mentioned with a reference to the original paper.
Endpoint study
#1: Sabine Aboling., Sabine Rottmann., Petra Wolf., Doris Jahn-Falk., Josef Kamphues. Case Report: Complex Plant Poisoning in Heavily Pregnant Heifers in Germany. journal of veterinary science & technology, 2014, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 1–3. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000178.
[
DOI link]
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Study relevance:
Animal (target species) health
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Substance:
palustrine (RF-00003973-PAR)
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Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Type of toxicological test:
case report (CHD060TT)
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Route of exposure:
ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
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Number of organisms dosed:
5
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Control groups used:
no data
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Endpoint measured:
Dose level (CHD014EP)
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Concentration unit:
Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
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Effect concentration:
0.347
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Critical effect:
Digestive (TOX18A)
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Target tissue:
Digestive (TT002A)
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Effect description:
diarrhea and haemorhagic enteritis
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Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
not reported (CHD030BE)
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Internal remarks:
Feed trial of E. palustre in cattle; diarrhea and haemorhagic enteritis (symptoms of palustrin poisoning)
Endpoint study
#2: Cortinovis, Cristina., Caloni, Francesca. Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe. toxins, 2015, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 5301–5307. DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124884.
[
DOI link]
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Study relevance:
Animal (target species) health
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Substance:
Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
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Preparation/Extraction method:
Fresh (A166Y)
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Type of toxicological test:
case report (CHD060TT)
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Tested organism:
Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
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Route of exposure:
ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
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Control groups used:
no data
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Endpoint measured:
Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
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Critical effect:
Digestive (TOX18A)
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Target tissue:
Digestive (TT002A)
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Effect description:
lack of appetite, emaciation, decrease in milk yield and diarrhea
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Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
food consumption (CHD007BE)
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Internal remarks:
toxicity in cattle (lack of appetite, emaciation, decrease in milk yield and diarrhea)
Endpoint study
#3: Cortinovis, Cristina., Caloni, Francesca. Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe. toxins, 2015, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 5301–5307. DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124884.
[
DOI link]
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Study relevance:
Animal (target species) health
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Substance:
Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
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Preparation/Extraction method:
Fresh (A166Y)
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Type of toxicological test:
case report (CHD060TT)
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Tested organism:
Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
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Route of exposure:
ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
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Control groups used:
no data
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Endpoint measured:
Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
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Critical effect:
Digestive (TOX18A)
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Target tissue:
Digestive (TT002A)
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Effect description:
thiamine deficiency characterized by weakness, rapid and weak pulse, tremors, staggering and motor incoordination after consumption of the plant
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Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
food consumption (CHD007BE)
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Internal remarks:
toxicity in horses (thiamine deficiency characterized by weakness, rapid and weak pulse, tremors, staggering and motor incoordination after consumption)
Genotox #1: Milovanovic, Vesna., Radulovic, Niko., Todorovic, Zoran., Stankovic, Miroslava., Stojanovic, Gordana. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and genotoxicity screening of hydro-alcoholic extracts of five serbian Equisetum species . plant foods for human nutrition, 2007, vol. 62, no. 3, p. 113–119. DOI: 10.1007/s11130-007-0050-z.
[
DOI link]
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Study category:
Genotoxicity
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Type of toxicological test:
micronucleus assay (CHD051TT)
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Guideline used:
No guideline followed
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Tested organism:
Human (as organism) (A056J)
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Number of organisms dosed:
5
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Control groups used:
yes, concurrent vehicle
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Endpoint measured:
DNA damage and/or repair
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Remarks on genotox study:
Human lymphocytes exposed to the 80% ethanol exctract of stems E. palustre.
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Internal remarks:
Genotoxicity - Micronucleus test
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Internal ID:
WOS:000249460200005