EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Purple viper's bugloss (as plant) // Echium plantagineum L.

Family:: Boraginaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 378
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: echiumine-N-oxide, intermedine-N-oxide #2: lycopsamine-N-oxide, 7-O-acetyllycopsamine, 7-O-Acetyllycopsamine/intermedine- N-oxide #3: Echimidine-N-oxide, 3′-O-Acetylechimidine-N-oxide, Leptanthine-N-oxide Echimiplatine-N-oxide #4: Uplandicine-N-oxide #5: echiuplatine N-oxide #6: 7-Angeloylretronecine-N-oxide, 9-O-Angelylretronecine-N-oxide #7: naphthoquinones - root #8: pyrollizidine alkaloids - flowers #9: pyrollizidine alkaloids #10: pyrollizidine alkaloids - leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: pyrrolizidine alkaloid - liver demage - long term - sheep #2: mortality, liver demage - rat #3: pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning - sheep #4: pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning - horse #5: pyrrolizidine poisoning of sheep - mortality #6: hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning conected with pyrrolizidine poisoning - sheep

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Colegate, SM., Edgar, JA., Knill, AM., Lee, ST. Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides: a case study of Echium plantagineum . phytochemical analysis, 2005, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 108–119. DOI: 10.1002/pca.828. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

leaves and flowers extracted with methanol
Substance:

Echiumine-N-oxide (RF-00000354-TOX)
Additional substance description:

echiumine-N-oxide, intermedine-N-oxide
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

echiumine-N-oxide, intermedine-N-oxide

Composition #2: Colegate, SM., Edgar, JA., Knill, AM., Lee, ST. Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides: a case study of Echium plantagineum . phytochemical analysis, 2005, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 108–119. DOI: 10.1002/pca.828. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

leaves and flowers extracted with methanol
Substance:

Lycopsamine (RF-00000228-TOX)
Additional substance description:

lycopsamine-N-oxide, 7-O-acetyllycopsamine, 7-O-Acetyllycopsamine/intermedine- N-oxide
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lycopsamine-N-oxide, 7-O-acetyllycopsamine, 7-O-Acetyllycopsamine/intermedine- N-oxide

Composition #3: Colegate, SM., Edgar, JA., Knill, AM., Lee, ST. Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides: a case study of Echium plantagineum . phytochemical analysis, 2005, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 108–119. DOI: 10.1002/pca.828. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

leaves and flowers extracted with methanol
Substance:

Echimidine-N-oxide (RF-00000350-TOX)
Additional substance description:

Echimidine-N-oxide, 3′-O-Acetylechimidine-N-oxide, Leptanthine-N-oxide Echimiplatine-N-oxide
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Echimidine-N-oxide, 3′-O-Acetylechimidine-N-oxide, Leptanthine-N-oxide Echimiplatine-N-oxide

Composition #4: Colegate, SM., Edgar, JA., Knill, AM., Lee, ST. Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides: a case study of Echium plantagineum . phytochemical analysis, 2005, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 108–119. DOI: 10.1002/pca.828. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

leaves and flowers extracted with methanol
Substance:

Uplandicine (RF-00000309-TOX)
Additional substance description:

Uplandicine-N-oxide
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Uplandicine-N-oxide

Composition #5: Colegate, SM., Edgar, JA., Knill, AM., Lee, ST. Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides: a case study of Echium plantagineum . phytochemical analysis, 2005, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 108–119. DOI: 10.1002/pca.828. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

leaves and flowers extracted with methanol
Substance:

Echiuplatine-N-oxide (RF-00000357-TOX)
Additional substance description:

echiuplatine N-oxide
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

echiuplatine N-oxide

Composition #6: Colegate, SM., Edgar, JA., Knill, AM., Lee, ST. Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides: a case study of Echium plantagineum . phytochemical analysis, 2005, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 108–119. DOI: 10.1002/pca.828. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

leaves and flowers extracted with methanol
Substance:

Retronecines (RF-00010371-PAR)
Additional substance description:

7-Angeloylretronecine-N-oxide, 9-O-Angelylretronecine-N-oxide
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

7-Angeloylretronecine-N-oxide, 9-O-Angelylretronecine-N-oxide

Composition #7: Zhu, Xiaocheng., Skoneczny, Dominik., Weidenhamer, Jeffrey D., Mwendwa, James M., Weston, Paul A., Gurr, Geoff M., Callaway, Ragan M., Weston, Leslie A. Identification and localization of bioactive naphthoquinones in the roots and rhizosphere of Paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum), a noxious invader . journal of experimental botany, 2016, vol. 67, no. 12, p. 3777–3788. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw182. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extract
Substance:

Naphthoquinones (RF-00010839-PAR)
Additional substance description:

shikonins - deoxyshikonin, shikonin, acetylshikonin and dimethylacrylshikonin
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/Q-ToF MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

naphthoquinones - root

Composition #8: SEAMAN, JT., DIXON, RJ. INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE TOXICITY OF ECHIUM-PLANTAGINEUM IN SHEEP .2. PEN FEEDING EXPERIMENTS . australian veterinary journal, 1989, vol. 66, no. 9, p. 286–292. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13953.x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Additional extraction description:

rossettes, early flower, flowering
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Analytical method - additional description:

analysed for alkaloids as described by Seaman et a1 (1989)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.19-1.34
Internal remarks:

pyrollizidine alkaloids - flowers

Composition #9: SEAMAN, JT., DIXON, RJ. INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE TOXICITY OF ECHIUM-PLANTAGINEUM IN SHEEP .2. PEN FEEDING EXPERIMENTS . australian veterinary journal, 1989, vol. 66, no. 9, p. 286–292. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13953.x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Additional extraction description:

flowers + stalks
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Analytical method - additional description:

analysed for alkaloids as described by Seaman et a1 (1989)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.14
Internal remarks:

pyrollizidine alkaloids

Composition #10: SEAMAN, JT., DIXON, RJ. INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE TOXICITY OF ECHIUM-PLANTAGINEUM IN SHEEP .2. PEN FEEDING EXPERIMENTS . australian veterinary journal, 1989, vol. 66, no. 9, p. 286–292. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13953.x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

large leaves
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Analytical method - additional description:

analysed for alkaloids as described by Seaman et a1 (1989)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.46
Internal remarks:

pyrollizidine alkaloids - leaves

Endpoint study #1: CULVENOR, CCJ., JAGO, MV., PETERSON, JE., SMITH, LW., PAYNE, AL., CAMPBELL, DG., EDGAR, JA., FRAHN, JL. TOXICITY OF ECHIUM-PLANTAGINEUM (PATERSON CURSE) .1. MARGINAL TOXIC EFFECTS IN MERINO WETHERS FROM LONG-TERM FEEDING . australian journal of agricultural research, 1984, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 293–304. DOI: 10.1071/AR9840293. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

12.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.11-0.15
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

mild livver demage - pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

morphology (CHD013BE)
Internal remarks:

pyrrolizidine alkaloid - liver demage - long term - sheep

Endpoint study #2: PETERSON, JE., JAGO, MV. TOXICITY OF ECHIUM-PLANTAGINEUM (PATERSON CURSE) .2. PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID POISONING IN RATS . australian journal of agricultural research, 1984, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 305–315. DOI: 10.1071/AR9840305. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

280.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

15
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

haemorrhagic necrosis of the liver
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

mortality, liver demage - rat

Endpoint study #3: SEAMAN, JT. HEPATOGENOUS CHRONIC COPPER POISONING IN SHEEP ASSOCIATED WITH GRAZING ECHIUM-PLANTAGINEUM . australian veterinary journal, 1985, vol. 62, no. 7, p. 247–248. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07325.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Events per day (G236A)
Effect concentration:

1259
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

mortality rate of 4.2%, hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning conected with pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning - sheep

Endpoint study #4: GIESECKE, PR. SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY IN HORSES WITH ECHIUM POISONING. australian veterinary journal, 1986, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 90–91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02940.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Events per day (G236A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning - increased activity of ALP, LDH and GGT, with significantly decreased levels of serum albumin, were taken to indicate advanced liver disease
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning - horse

Endpoint study #5: SEAMAN, JT. PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID POISONING OF SHEEP IN NEW-SOUTH-WALES. australian veterinary journal, 1987, vol. 64, no. 6, p. 164–167. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09674.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Events per year (G237A)
Effect concentration:

5
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning conected with pyrrolizidine poisoning
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

pyrrolizidine poisoning of sheep - mortality

Endpoint study #6: SEAMAN, JT., DIXON, RJ. INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE TOXICITY OF ECHIUM-PLANTAGINEUM IN SHEEP .2. PEN FEEDING EXPERIMENTS . australian veterinary journal, 1989, vol. 66, no. 9, p. 286–292. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13953.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

16.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

9.6-34.8
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning conected with pyrrolizidine poisoning
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning conected with pyrrolizidine poisoning - sheep