EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Echinops ritro L.

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 82
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Echinorine derivatives (echinoramine I) in fruits #2: 2-amylfuran in aerial part #3: 1,8 cineole in aerial part #4: camphor in aerial part #5: menthone in aerial part #6: alpha-thujone in aerial part #7: octanal in aerial part #8: beta-thujone in aerial part #9: 2-hexenal in aerial part #10: thiophenes in root and aerial part #11: sesquiterpene lacotones in whole plant #12: Echinorine (4-methoxy-1-methylquinolin-1-ium) is the sole alkaloid detectable #13: cardoaptine and isocardopatine in roots

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Pham Thanh Ky., Schroeder, Peter. Studies on the physiology of the quinoline alkaloids in Echinops spec.. biochemie und physiologie der pflanzen, 1976, vol. 169, no. 5, p. 461–70. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Echinorine derivatives (echinoramine I)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.8-2.2
Internal remarks:

Echinorine derivatives (echinoramine I) in fruits

Composition #2: Papadopoulou, P., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O. Essential oil composition of two Greek Echinops species: Echinops graecus Miller and Echinops ritro L. . journal of essential oil research, 2006, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 242–243. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

2-Pentylfuran (RF-00008482-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syn for 2-amylfuran
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, GC/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Reconstituted product (B007A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.5
Internal remarks:

2-amylfuran in aerial part

Composition #3: Papadopoulou, P., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O. Essential oil composition of two Greek Echinops species: Echinops graecus Miller and Echinops ritro L. . journal of essential oil research, 2006, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 242–243. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, GC/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Reconstituted product (B007A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16.3
Internal remarks:

1,8 cineole in aerial part

Composition #4: Papadopoulou, P., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O. Essential oil composition of two Greek Echinops species: Echinops graecus Miller and Echinops ritro L. . journal of essential oil research, 2006, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 242–243. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, GC/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Reconstituted product (B007A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.6
Internal remarks:

camphor in aerial part

Composition #5: Papadopoulou, P., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O. Essential oil composition of two Greek Echinops species: Echinops graecus Miller and Echinops ritro L. . journal of essential oil research, 2006, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 242–243. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

menthone (RF-00011280-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, GC/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Reconstituted product (B007A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.5
Internal remarks:

menthone in aerial part

Composition #6: Papadopoulou, P., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O. Essential oil composition of two Greek Echinops species: Echinops graecus Miller and Echinops ritro L. . journal of essential oil research, 2006, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 242–243. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, GC/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Reconstituted product (B007A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.2
Internal remarks:

alpha-thujone in aerial part

Composition #7: Papadopoulou, P., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O. Essential oil composition of two Greek Echinops species: Echinops graecus Miller and Echinops ritro L. . journal of essential oil research, 2006, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 242–243. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

octanal (RF-00003961-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, GC/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Reconstituted product (B007A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.6
Internal remarks:

octanal in aerial part

Composition #8: Papadopoulou, P., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O. Essential oil composition of two Greek Echinops species: Echinops graecus Miller and Echinops ritro L. . journal of essential oil research, 2006, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 242–243. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

beta-thujone (RF-00003712-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, GC/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Reconstituted product (B007A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.6
Internal remarks:

beta-thujone in aerial part

Composition #9: Papadopoulou, P., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O. Essential oil composition of two Greek Echinops species: Echinops graecus Miller and Echinops ritro L. . journal of essential oil research, 2006, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 242–243. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

2-Hexenal (RF-00009459-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, GC/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Reconstituted product (B007A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

21.4
Internal remarks:

2-hexenal in aerial part

Composition #10: Fokialakis, Nikolas., Osbrink, Weste L. A., Mamonov, Leonid K., Gemejieva, Nadejda G., Mims, Amelia B., Skaltsounis, Alexios L., Lax, Alan R., Cantrell, Charles L. Antifeedant and toxicity effects of thiophenes from four Elchinops species against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus . pest management science, 2006, vol. 62, no. 9, p. 832–838. DOI: 10.1002/ps.1237. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dichlormethane, methanol, water
Substance:

Thiophene (RF-00008087-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

VLC, silica gel column chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

thiophenes in root and aerial part

Composition #11: Li, Liang-Bo., Ren, Jie., Cheng, Zheng-Ming., Zhu, Hua-Jie. Three New Sesquiterpenoids from Echinops ritro L.. helvetica chimica acta, 2010, vol. 93, no. 7, p. 1344–1349. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol 95%
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

CC, TLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

sesquiterpene lacotones in whole plant

Composition #12: SCHRODER, P., LUCKNER, M. PHYSIOLOGY OF FORMATION OF QUINOLINE ALKALOID ECHINORINE IN ECHINOPS RITRO L . planta medica, 1968, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 99–&. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Substance:

Quinoline alkaloids (RF-00004326-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Echinorine (4-methoxy-1-methylquinolin-1-ium)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Echinorine (4-methoxy-1-methylquinolin-1-ium) is the sole alkaloid detectable

Composition #13: LAM, J., CHRISTENSEN, LP., THOMASEN, T. THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES FROM ECHINOPS SPECIES. phytochemistry, 1991, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 1157–1159. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95194-X. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Et2O
Substance:

Thiophene (RF-00008087-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cardopatine, isocardopatine
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cardoaptine and isocardopatine in roots