EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott

Family:: Araceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 167
Number of processed references:: 10

Compositions

#1: lectins #2: calcium oxalate #3: alkaloids #4: tannins #5: calcium oxalate

Endpoint Studies

#1: Poisoning effects in sheep included edema of the tongue, lips and face, sialorrhea, necrotic-degenerative alteration of the tongue epithelium #2: Sialorrhea and sublingual and submandibular edema in cattle. #3: irritation of oral mucosa #4: mucosal lesions, gastrointestinal bleeding #5: Mortality in cattle after consuming leaves #6: vasodilator, hypotensive, antifertility,contraceptive and/or interceptive, and spasmogenic activities #7: ulcerative glossitise,dyspnea,asphyxiation #8: Oral irritation and edema in mice #9: Amylase inhibition

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Roy, Anita., Banerjee, Santanu., Majumder, Pralay., Das, Sampa. Efficiency of mannose-binding plant lectins in controlling a homopteran insect, the red cotton bug. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002, vol. 50, no. 23, p. 6775–6779. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lectins

Composition #2: Vichova, P., Jahodar, L. Plant poisonings in children in the Czech Republic, 1996-2001. human and experimental toxicology, 2003, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 467–472. DOI: 10.1191/0960327103ht387oa. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Substance:

Calcium oxalate (RF-00003960-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calcium oxalate

Composition #3: Albuquerque, U.P., Melo, J.G., Medeiros, M.F., Menezes, I.R., Moura, G.J., Asfora El-Deir, A.C., Nbrega Alves, R.R., De Medeiros, P.M., De Sousa Arajo, T.A., Alves Ramos, M., Silva, R.R., Almeida, A.L., Almeida, C.D.F.C. Natural products from ethnodirected studies: Revisiting the ethnobiology of the zombie poison. evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2012, vol. 2012 . DOI: 10.1155/2012/202508. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids

Composition #4: Albuquerque, U.P., Melo, J.G., Medeiros, M.F., Menezes, I.R., Moura, G.J., Asfora El-Deir, A.C., Nbrega Alves, R.R., De Medeiros, P.M., De Sousa Arajo, T.A., Alves Ramos, M., Silva, R.R., Almeida, A.L., Almeida, C.D.F.C. Natural products from ethnodirected studies: Revisiting the ethnobiology of the zombie poison. evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2012, vol. 2012 . DOI: 10.1155/2012/202508. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins

Composition #5: Cote, Gary G. DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF IDIOBLASTS PRODUCING CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS IN DIEFFENBACHIA SEGUINE (ARACEAE) . american journal of botany, 2009, vol. 96, no. 7, p. 1245–1254. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800276. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

NaOH,hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, ethanol
Substance:

Calcium oxalate (RF-00003960-PAR)
Additional substance description:

calcium oxalate crystals (raphides)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calcium oxalate

Endpoint study #1: Armien, Anibal Guillermo., Tokarnia, Carlos Hubinger. Experiments on the toxicity of some ornamental plants in sheep. pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 1994, vol. 14, no. 2-3, p. 69–73. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

5.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

IRRITATION (TOX11A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Tongue (TT028A)
Effect description:

Poisoning effects in sheep included edema of the tongue, lips and face, sialorrhea and difficulty in grasping food. necrotic-degenerative alteration of the tongue epithelium
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Poisoning effects in sheep included edema of the tongue, lips and face, sialorrhea, necrotic-degenerative alteration of the tongue epithelium

Endpoint study #2: Tokarnia, Carlos Hubinger., Armien, Anibal Guillemo., Peixoto, Paul Vargas., Barbosa, Jose Diomedes., Brito, Marilene De Farias., Dobereiner, Jurgen. Experiments on the toxicity of some ornamental plants in cattle. pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 1996, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 5–20. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

37-4.8
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Ingestion of 3.7 and 4.8 g/ kg of the plant caused sialorrhea (excessive salivation) and sublingual and submandibular edema in 2 cattle. They recovered after 7 days.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Sialorrhea and sublingual and submandibular edema in cattle.

Endpoint study #3: Vichova, P., Jahodar, L. Plant poisonings in children in the Czech Republic, 1996-2001. human and experimental toxicology, 2003, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 467–472. DOI: 10.1191/0960327103ht387oa. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

irritation of mucosal membranes of the mouth and tongue, excessive salivation, burning, oral lesions, swelling of the lips, dysphonia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food consumption (CHD007BE)
Internal remarks:

irritation of oral mucosa

Endpoint study #4: Vichova, P., Jahodar, L. Plant poisonings in children in the Czech Republic, 1996-2001. human and experimental toxicology, 2003, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 467–472. DOI: 10.1191/0960327103ht387oa. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

mucosal lesions, face rush, esophageal corrosions, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, blood in vomits
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food consumption (CHD007BE)
Internal remarks:

mucosal lesions, gastrointestinal bleeding

Endpoint study #5: Da Silva, D.M., Riet-Correa, F., Medeiros, R.M.T., De Oliveira, O.F. Toxic plants for livestock in the western and eastern Seridó, state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the Brazilian semiarid Plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e eqüídeos no Seridó Ocidental e Oriental do Rio Grande do Norte . pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2006, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 223–236. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2006000400007. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Effect description:

3 cattle (a bull, a cow and a heifer) consumed leaves of the plant. The bull and cow died quickly. The heifer showed salivation, colic and haemorrhagic diarrhoea, and died 15 days later.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality in cattle after consuming leaves

Endpoint study #6: Albuquerque, U.P., Melo, J.G., Medeiros, M.F., Menezes, I.R., Moura, G.J., Asfora El-Deir, A.C., Nbrega Alves, R.R., De Medeiros, P.M., De Sousa Arajo, T.A., Alves Ramos, M., Silva, R.R., Almeida, A.L., Almeida, C.D.F.C. Natural products from ethnodirected studies: Revisiting the ethnobiology of the zombie poison. evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2012, vol. 2012 . DOI: 10.1155/2012/202508. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Effect description:

vasodilator, hypotensive, antifertility, contraceptive and/or interceptive, and spasmogenic activities
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

vasodilator, hypotensive, antifertility,contraceptive and/or interceptive, and spasmogenic activities

Endpoint study #7: Loretti, AP., da Silva, MR., Ribeiro, RES. Accidental fatal poisoning of a dog by Dieffenbachia picta (dumb cane). veterinary and human toxicology, 2003, vol. 45, no. 5, p. 233–239. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Dog (as animal) (A0CNL)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

ulcerative glossitise,dyspnea,asphyxiation
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

ulcerative glossitise,dyspnea,asphyxiation

Endpoint study #8: Barbi, N. S., Lucchetti, L., Pereira, N. A., da Silva, A. J. R., RietCorrea, F., Pfister, J., Schild, AL., Wierenga, T. Chemistry of Dieffenbachia picta. poisoning by plants, mycotoxins, and related toxins, 2011, p. 593–599. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Additional plant/substance description:

Oily fraction of the idioblasts
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

24.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram (G283A)
Effect concentration:

100-800
Critical effect:

IRRITATION (TOX11A)
Effect description:

mouth irritation, tongue swelling, intense edema of the lips, pilo-erection.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Oral irritation and edema in mice

Endpoint study #9: PADMANABHAN, S., SHASTRI, NV. STUDIES ON AMYLASE INHIBITORS IN DIEFFENBACHIA-MACULATA. journal of the science of food and agriculture, 1990, vol. 52, no. 4, p. 527–536. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2740520410. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

International Unit/gram (G252A)
Effect concentration:

430-1700
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Amylase inhibition (human alpha-amylase inhibitor activity)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

Amylase inhibition