EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Family:: Poaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 10211
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: saponins #2: oxalate #3: tannins #4: alkaloids #5: cyanide #6: alkaloids - leaves #7: p-coumaric acid

Endpoint Studies

#1: case report: acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema; Mortality and lethality rates were 6.6 % and 55.5 %, respectively #2: Plant extracts increased significantly urinary output #3: LD50

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Khan, Zafar Iqbal., Ahmad, Kafeel., Zafar, Asma., Bashir, Humayun., Hussain, Abrar., Huma, Zile., Shad, Hazoor Ahmad., Sher, Muhammad., Hussain, Ghulam., Noorka, Ijaz Rasool. Assessment of poisonous and anti-nutritional compounds in wild edible forages consumed by ruminant species. journal of environmental science and technology, 2015, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 91–101. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water, methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

formation of foam
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #2: Khan, Zafar Iqbal., Ahmad, Kafeel., Zafar, Asma., Bashir, Humayun., Hussain, Abrar., Huma, Zile., Shad, Hazoor Ahmad., Sher, Muhammad., Hussain, Ghulam., Noorka, Ijaz Rasool. Assessment of poisonous and anti-nutritional compounds in wild edible forages consumed by ruminant species. journal of environmental science and technology, 2015, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 91–101. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oxalate

Composition #3: Khan, Zafar Iqbal., Ahmad, Kafeel., Zafar, Asma., Bashir, Humayun., Hussain, Abrar., Huma, Zile., Shad, Hazoor Ahmad., Sher, Muhammad., Hussain, Ghulam., Noorka, Ijaz Rasool. Assessment of poisonous and anti-nutritional compounds in wild edible forages consumed by ruminant species. journal of environmental science and technology, 2015, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 91–101. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins

Composition #4: Khan, Zafar Iqbal., Ahmad, Kafeel., Zafar, Asma., Bashir, Humayun., Hussain, Abrar., Huma, Zile., Shad, Hazoor Ahmad., Sher, Muhammad., Hussain, Ghulam., Noorka, Ijaz Rasool. Assessment of poisonous and anti-nutritional compounds in wild edible forages consumed by ruminant species. journal of environmental science and technology, 2015, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 91–101. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids

Composition #5: Khan, Zafar Iqbal., Ahmad, Kafeel., Zafar, Asma., Bashir, Humayun., Hussain, Abrar., Huma, Zile., Shad, Hazoor Ahmad., Sher, Muhammad., Hussain, Ghulam., Noorka, Ijaz Rasool. Assessment of poisonous and anti-nutritional compounds in wild edible forages consumed by ruminant species. journal of environmental science and technology, 2015, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 91–101. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cyanide

Composition #6: Priya, G., Bhagavathy, S., Najeeb, Nasreen., Suganthi, M. Genotoxic effects of Azadirachta indica and Cynodon dactylon on Allium cepa meristamatic tissue. international journal of scientific research and reviews, 2019, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 4080–4087. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids - leaves

Composition #7: Chou, Chang-Hung., Young, Chiu-Chung. PHYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES IN TWELVE SUBTROPICAL GRASSES. journal of chemical ecology, 1975, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 183–193. DOI: 10.1007/BF00987867. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethylether
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

p-coumaric acid

Endpoint study #1: Maria Raviolo, Jose., Angel Giraudo, Jose., Bagnis, Guillermo., Jose Lovera, Hernan., Martinez, Ramiro., Nora, Trotti., Mouguelar, Horacio., Zielinski, Gustavo. Description of an acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema outbreak in southwest Cordoba, Argentina. tecnica pecuaria en mexico, 2007, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 111–120. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema; Mortality and lethality rates were 6.6 % and 55.5 %, respectively; respiratory distress with remarkable expiratory dyspnea. Major lesions at necropsy. 11 hyperplasia and hyaline membranes
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

case report: acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema; Mortality and lethality rates were 6.6 % and 55.5 %, respectively

Endpoint study #2: Sadki, Chrifa., Hacht, Brahim., Souliman, Amrani., Atmani, Fouad. Acute diuretic activity of aqueous Erica multiflora flowers and Cynodon dactylon rhizomes extracts in rats. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2010, vol. 128, no. 2, p. 352–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.048. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

0.5
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Effect description:

Plant extracts increased significantly urinary output
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

urinalysis (CHD029BE)
Internal remarks:

Plant extracts increased significantly urinary output

Endpoint study #3: Sadki, Chrifa., Hacht, Brahim., Souliman, Amrani., Atmani, Fouad. Acute diuretic activity of aqueous Erica multiflora flowers and Cynodon dactylon rhizomes extracts in rats. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2010, vol. 128, no. 2, p. 352–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.048. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

4.5
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

LD50