EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cumin (as plant) // Cuminum cyminum L.

Family:: Apiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2144
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Piperidine alkaloids in seeds #2: alpha-solamargine in seeds #3: Harmaline in seeds #4: Heliotrine in seeds #5: Lasiocarpine in seeds #6: Quinidine in seeds #7: Quinine in seeds #8: Sipeimine in seeds #9: Theobromine/Theophylline in seeds #10: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in seeds #11: Indole alkaloids in seeds #12: furocoumarins in seeds #13: myrcene in seeds

Endpoint Studies

#1: No anti-implantation effect, mild abortifacient activity in rat #2: Tail wounds, increased haemoglobin level and mortality in mice #3: NOAEL in rats 500 mg/kg/day

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Piperidine alkaloids in seeds

Composition #2: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solamargine
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Result unit:

Microgram/kilogram (G050A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13
Internal remarks:

alpha-solamargine in seeds

Composition #3: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

harmaline (RF-00003851-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Result unit:

Microgram/kilogram (G050A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 6
Internal remarks:

Harmaline in seeds

Composition #4: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Heliotrine
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Result unit:

Microgram/kilogram (G050A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

286
Internal remarks:

Heliotrine in seeds

Composition #5: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Lasiocarpine
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Result unit:

Microgram/kilogram (G050A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

233
Internal remarks:

Lasiocarpine in seeds

Composition #6: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

quinidine (RF-00004021-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Quinidine in seeds

Composition #7: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

quinine (RF-00004022-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Quinine in seeds

Composition #8: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Sipeimine
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Result unit:

Microgram/kilogram (G050A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 2
Internal remarks:

Sipeimine in seeds

Composition #9: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Theobromine (RF-00000334-TOX)
Additional substance description:

Theobromine/Theophylline
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Result unit:

Microgram/kilogram (G050A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 4.5
Internal remarks:

Theobromine/Theophylline in seeds

Composition #10: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in seeds

Composition #11: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

indole alkaloids (RF-00004503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Indole alkaloids in seeds

Composition #12: Melough, Melissa M., Lee, Sang Gil., Cho, Eunyoung., Kim, Kijoon., Provatas, Anthony A., Perkins, Christopher., Park, Min Kyung., Qureshi, Abrar., Chun, Ock K. Identification and Quantitation of Furocoumarins in Popularly Consumed Foods in the U.S. Using QuEChERS Extraction Coupled with UPLC-MS/MS Analysis. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2017, vol. 65, no. 24, p. 5049–5055. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water + formic acid in acetonitrile
Substance:

Furanocoumarins (RF-00004381-PAR)
Additional substance description:

bergamottin, bergapten, psoralen, 8-MOP
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UPLC-MS/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.7-8.7
Internal remarks:

furocoumarins in seeds

Composition #13: Martinez-Velazquez, Moises., Adolfo Castillo-Herrera, Gustavo., Rosario-Cruz, Rodrigo., Miguel Flores-Fernandez, Jose., Lopez-Ramirez, Julisa., Hernandez-Gutierrez, Rodolfo., del Carmen Lugo-Cervantes, Eugenia. Acaricidal effect and chemical composition of essential oils extracted from Cuminum cyminum, Pimenta dioica and Ocimum basilicum against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) . parasitology research, 2011, vol. 108, no. 2, p. 481–487. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2069-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.79
Internal remarks:

myrcene in seeds

Endpoint study #1: Al-Khamis, K.I., Al-Said, M.A., Islam, M.W., Tariq, M., Parmar, N.S., Ageel, A.M. Antifertility, anti-implantation and abortifacient activity of the aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum. fitoterapia, 1988, vol. 59, no. 1, p. 5–9. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

250-500
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Effect description:

No anti-implantation effect, mild abortifacient activity when administered from day-8 to day-12 of the pregnancy and increased plasma estradiol-17 beta. levels at the pro-oestrus and oestrus stages of the oestrus cycle.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

No anti-implantation effect, mild abortifacient activity in rat

Endpoint study #2: Shah, A.H., Qureshi, S., Tariq, M., Ageel, A.M. Toxicity studies on six plants used in the traditional Arab system of medicine. phytotherapy research, 1989, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 25–29. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650030107. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

140
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Target tissue:

Skin/subcutis (TT056A)
Effect description:

Increased haemoglobin level in blood, 30% of the animals developed wounds and ulcers on the tail, 15% developed alopecia and 25% died.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Tail wounds, increased haemoglobin level and mortality in mice

Endpoint study #3: Taghizadeh, Mohsen., Ostad, Seyed Naser., Asemi, Zatollah., Mahboubi, Mohaddese., Hejazi, Sara., Sharafati-Chaleshtori, Reza., Rashidi, Aliakbar., Akbari, Hosein., Sharifi, Nasrin. Sub-chronic oral toxicity of Cuminum cyminum L.'s essential oil in female Wistar rats . regulatory toxicology and pharmacology, 2017, vol. 88, p. 138–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.06.007. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

23.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

40
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

No observed adverse effect level (CHD010EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Effect description:

NOAEL for C. cyminum’s essential oil is 500 mg/kg/d in female Wistar rats, an increase in serum levels ALT only at 1000 mg/kg/d..
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

no adverse effect observed (CHD018BE)
Internal remarks:

NOAEL in rats 500 mg/kg/day