EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Convallaria majalis L.

Family:: Asparagaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 698
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: convalloside in seeds #2: convallatoxin in seeds #3: Convallatoxin (aerial parts - flowers buds and leaves) #4: Convallatoxin (leaves) #5: periplorhamnoside (leaves) #6: convallamaroside (roots and rhizomes) #7: cholestane glycoside (rhizomes) #8: Convallasaponin A (rhizomes) #9: convallatoxol (rhizomes) #10: convallatoxin (rhizomes)

Endpoint Studies

#1: Toxicity to dog (due to cardiac glycosides) : behavioural, cardiac, digestive symptoms with serum biochemical changes (the dog's serum did contain digoxin or an immunologically cross-reactive compound)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Komissarenko, N. F. Convallatoxoloside, a new cardiac glycoside from seeds of Convallaria majalis. doklady akademii nauk sssr, 1962, vol. 147, p. 625–7. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

convalloside (RF-00004213-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

convalloside in seeds

Composition #2: Komissarenko, N. F. Convallatoxoloside, a new cardiac glycoside from seeds of Convallaria majalis. doklady akademii nauk sssr, 1962, vol. 147, p. 625–7. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

convallatoxin (RF-00003748-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

convallatoxin in seeds

Composition #3: Matysik, G., Kowalski, J., Staszewska, M. Quantitative determination of convallatoxin from Herba Convallariae. chromatographia, 1996, vol. 43(9/10), p. 559–562. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH (50%)
Substance:

convallatoxin (RF-00003748-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Convallatoxin (aerial parts - flowers buds and leaves)

Composition #4: Kazarinov, N.A., Puchkova, E.I., Dzyuba, N.P. Quantitative determination of cardial glycosides of lily of the valley. Analysis of convallatoxin in the leaves of May (convallaria majalis), transcaucasian (convallaria transcaucasica utkin), and far-eastern (convallaria keiskei) lily of the valley. pharmaceutical chemistry journal, 1969, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 347–349. DOI: 10.1007/BF00764142. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl alcohol
Substance:

convallatoxin (RF-00003748-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Paper chromatography
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0227-0.0389
Internal remarks:

Convallatoxin (leaves)

Composition #5: Harkiss, K.J., Linley, P.A., Mesbah, M.K.M. Analysis of cardenolides of Convallaria majalis by high pressure liquid chromatography. journal of high resolution chromatography, 1981, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 37–38. DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240040110. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (97%)
Substance:

Periplorhamnoside (RF-00011462-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

reverse phase HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

periplorhamnoside (leaves)

Composition #6: Nartowska, Jadwiga., Sommer, Ewa., Pastewka, Krzysztof., Sommer, Sylwester., Skopinska-Rozewska, Ewa. Anti-angiogenic activity of convallamaroside, the steroidal saponin isolated from the rhizomes and roots of Convallaria majalis L. . acta poloniae pharmaceutica, 2004, vol. 61, no. 4, p. 279–82. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol (50%)
Substance:

steroidal saponins (RF-00010818-PAR)
Additional substance description:

convallamaroside
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Column chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

convallamaroside (roots and rhizomes)

Composition #7: Higano, Taro., Kuroda, Minpei., Sakagami, Hiroshi., Mimaki, Yoshihiro. Convallasaponin A, a new 5 beta-spirostanol triglycoside from the rhizomes of Convallaria majalis . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2007, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 337–339. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.337. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

steroidal glycosides (RF-00011482-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cholestane glycoside
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cholestane glycoside (rhizomes)

Composition #8: Higano, Taro., Kuroda, Minpei., Sakagami, Hiroshi., Mimaki, Yoshihiro. Convallasaponin A, a new 5 beta-spirostanol triglycoside from the rhizomes of Convallaria majalis . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2007, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 337–339. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.337. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

steroidal glycosides (RF-00011482-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Convallasaponin A
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Convallasaponin A (rhizomes)

Composition #9: Higano, Taro., Kuroda, Minpei., Sakagami, Hiroshi., Mimaki, Yoshihiro. Convallasaponin A, a new 5 beta-spirostanol triglycoside from the rhizomes of Convallaria majalis . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2007, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 337–339. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.337. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cardenolide glycosides cardenolide glycosides (RF-00004348-PAR)
Additional substance description:

convallatoxol
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

convallatoxol (rhizomes)

Composition #10: Higano, Taro., Kuroda, Minpei., Sakagami, Hiroshi., Mimaki, Yoshihiro. Convallasaponin A, a new 5 beta-spirostanol triglycoside from the rhizomes of Convallaria majalis . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2007, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 337–339. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.337. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

convallatoxin (RF-00003748-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

convallatoxin (rhizomes)

Endpoint study #1: Atkinson, Kathryn J., Fine, Deborah M., Evans, Tim J., Khan, Safdar. Suspected lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) toxicosis in a dog. journal of veterinary emergency and critical care, 2008, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 399–403. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00325.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Dog (as animal) (A0CNL)
Strain of test organism:

Beagle (CHD014ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

2 year old dog showed lethargy, defecation, vomiting (3x), bradycardia with strong, synchronous femoral pulses, Mild enlargement of the cardiac silhouette, cystocentesis, elevations in ALT, mental status deteriorated
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

behaviour (CHD001BE)
Internal remarks:

Toxicity to dog (due to cardiac glycosides) : behavioural, cardiac, digestive symptoms with serum biochemical changes (the dog's serum did contain digoxin or an immunologically cross-reactive compound)