EFSA
ecomole
vscht
  2. Conium maculatum L.

Conium maculatum L.

Family:
Apiaceae
Approval state:
Approved
Number of articles retrieved:
1063
Number of processed references:
15
Compositions
#1: alkaloid cicutoxine (frequent causes of illness and death) #2: Concentration of coniine and γ-​conieine was changeable throughout the year: 0.12​% and 0.67​% in May, and 0.19​% and 0.38​% in Nov. #3: coniine in stems #4: coniceine in ripe fruits #5: total alkaloids in flowers #6: total alkaloids in stems #7: coniine in seeds #8: coniceine in leaves #9: coniceine in green fruits #10: coniceine in shoots #11: coniine in roots #12: total alkaloids in roots #13: total alkaloids in leaves #14: coniine in flowers #15: coniine in fruits #16: coniceine in seeds #17: coniine in leaves #18: coniceine in flowers #19: total alkaloids in green fruits #20: total alkaloids in ripe fruits #21: total alkaloids in shoots #22: total alkaloids in seeds #23: coniine in unspecified part #24: gama-coniceine, and N-methyl coniine in unspecified part #25: piperidine alkaloids in unspecified part #26: piperidine alkaloids in plant material #27: total alkaloids in flower #28: total alkaloids in ripe fruit #29: total alkaloids in young shoots #30: total alkaloids in unripe fruit #31: total alkaloids in leaves #32: total alkaloids in seeds #33: total alkaloids in roots #34: Coniine is a piperidine alkaloid (that at a level of 0.25-4.0% of body weight in green material can be lethal). γ-Coniceine is the predominant alkaloid during early vegetative growth and is believed to be the precursor for the other piperidine alkaloids. Coniine is the predominant alkaloid during later growth and is primarily found in the seeds. Thus, the plant is particularly toxic in the spring during early growth and in the fall when re-growth from seeds can occur. The dried plant retains toxicity and livestock can be poisoned via ingestion of contaminated hay . #35: 2-pentylpiperidine (conmaculatin) in fruit #36: Piperidine alkaloids (conhydrinone, pseudoconhydrine, Nmethylpseudoconhydrine, 10-oxo-c-coniceine, 2-n-pentyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 5-hydroxy-2-n-pentylpiperidine and conmaculatin) in plant material. #37: Bergapten in leaves #38: Oroselone in leaves #39: Marmesin in leaves #40: Isopimpinellin in leaves #41: Columbianetin, Xanthotoxin in leaves #42: psoralen in leaves #43: coniine in plant material #44: gamma-coniceine in plant material #45: Alkaloids of Conium macuatum (coniine, ç-coniceine, N-methyl coniine, conhydrine, conhydrinone, pseudoconhydrine, and N-methyl pseudoconhydrine in fresh plant material) were detected in various tissues of poisoned animals
Endpoint Studies
#1: neurological symptoms of intoxication in humans #2: lethal dose in sows #3: lethal dose in cows #4: lethal dose in sheeps #5: severe intoxication symptoms after a single dose in cows #6: severe intoxication symptoms after a single dose in mares #7: moderate intoxication symptoms after a single dose in ewes #8: severe intoxication symptoms after a single dose in quails #9: severe intoxication symptoms after a single dose in chicks #10: severe intoxication symptoms after a single dose in turkeys #11: association between cleft palate and the number of days of exposure in cattles #12: association between multiple congenital contracture and the number of days of exposure in cattle #13: association between cleft palate and the number of days of exposure in sheeps #14: association between multiple congenital contracture and the number of days of exposure in sheep #15: association between cleft palate and the number of days of exposure in goats #16: association between multiple congenital contracture and the number of days of exposure in goats #17: association between cleft palate and the number of days of exposure in swines #18: association between multiple congenital contracture and the number of days of exposure in swines #19: Respiratory failure in a toddler #20: Many case reports of adults and children experiencing muscle paralysis, bradycardia, respiratory arrest, asystole, etc.; Case of mortality of 3-year-old boy (upon ingestion of 142 grams of fresh plant matter) F-coniceine was detected in the stomach and in the blood. #21: toxicosis incidence in cattles #22: mortality incidence in cattles #23: Conium muculutum is teratogenic in several domestic species, presumably due to its piperidine alkaloids (coniine), which has been verified to be teratogenic in cattle, rabbits, etc. #24: lethal dose in sheeps #25: prolonged muscular weakness in goats #26: lethal dose in cattle
Genotoxicity
Composition #1: Fiske, Jessie G. Some poisonous plants of New Jersey. bull., 1932, vol. 261, p. 3–30. .
Composition #2: Aoyagi, Mitsutoshi., Anetai, Masaki. Studies on poison hemlock, Conium maculatum. (Part II). Determination of coniine and γ-coniceine. hokkaidoritsu eisei kenkyushoho, 2002, vol. 52, p. 93–95. .
Composition #3: Colombo, M.L., Marangon, K., Locatelli, C., Giacchè, M., Zulli, R., Restani, P. Hemlock poisoning due to plant misidentification. journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2009, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 43–47. .
Composition #4: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #5: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #6: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #7: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #8: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #9: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #10: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #11: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #12: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #13: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #14: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #15: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #16: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #17: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #18: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #19: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #20: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #21: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #22: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Composition #23: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Composition #24: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Composition #25: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Composition #26: Castells, E., Berenbaum, MR. Laboratory rearing of Agonopterix alstroemeriana, the defoliating poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) moth, and effects of piperidine alkaloids on preference and performance . environmental entomology, 2006, vol. 35, no. 3, p. 607–615. .
Composition #27: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D. Michael G. Nicotinic plant poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 771–781. DOI: 10.1080/15563650903252186. [DOI link]
Composition #28: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D. Michael G. Nicotinic plant poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 771–781. DOI: 10.1080/15563650903252186. [DOI link]
Composition #29: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D. Michael G. Nicotinic plant poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 771–781. DOI: 10.1080/15563650903252186. [DOI link]
Composition #30: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D. Michael G. Nicotinic plant poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 771–781. DOI: 10.1080/15563650903252186. [DOI link]
Composition #31: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D. Michael G. Nicotinic plant poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 771–781. DOI: 10.1080/15563650903252186. [DOI link]
Composition #32: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D. Michael G. Nicotinic plant poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 771–781. DOI: 10.1080/15563650903252186. [DOI link]
Composition #33: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D. Michael G. Nicotinic plant poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 771–781. DOI: 10.1080/15563650903252186. [DOI link]
Composition #34: Poppenga, Robert H., Luch, A. Poisonous plants. molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology vol 2: clinical toxicology, 2010, vol. 100, p. 123–175. .
Composition #35: Radulovic, Niko., Dordevic, Nevenka., Denic, Marija., Gomes Pinheiro, Mariana Martins., Fernandes, Patricia Dias., Boylan, Fabio. A novel toxic alkaloid from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L., Apiaceae): Identification, synthesis and antinociceptive activity . food and chemical toxicology, 2012, vol. 50, no. 2, p. 274–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.060. [DOI link]
Composition #36: Hotti, Hannu., Seppanen-Laakso, Tuulikki., Arvas, Mikko., Teeri, Teemu H., Rischer, Heiko. Polyketide synthases from poison hemlock (Coniummaculatum L.). febs journal, 2015, vol. 282, no. 21, p. 4141–4156. DOI: 10.1111/febs.13410. [DOI link]
Composition #37: Meier, Philipp., Hotti, Hannu., Rischer, Heiko. Elicitation of furanocoumarins in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) cell culture . plant cell tissue and organ culture, 2015, vol. 123, no. 3, p. 443–453. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-015-0847-7. [DOI link]
Composition #38: Meier, Philipp., Hotti, Hannu., Rischer, Heiko. Elicitation of furanocoumarins in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) cell culture . plant cell tissue and organ culture, 2015, vol. 123, no. 3, p. 443–453. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-015-0847-7. [DOI link]
Composition #39: Meier, Philipp., Hotti, Hannu., Rischer, Heiko. Elicitation of furanocoumarins in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) cell culture . plant cell tissue and organ culture, 2015, vol. 123, no. 3, p. 443–453. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-015-0847-7. [DOI link]
Composition #40: Meier, Philipp., Hotti, Hannu., Rischer, Heiko. Elicitation of furanocoumarins in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) cell culture . plant cell tissue and organ culture, 2015, vol. 123, no. 3, p. 443–453. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-015-0847-7. [DOI link]
Composition #41: Meier, Philipp., Hotti, Hannu., Rischer, Heiko. Elicitation of furanocoumarins in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) cell culture . plant cell tissue and organ culture, 2015, vol. 123, no. 3, p. 443–453. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-015-0847-7. [DOI link]
Composition #42: Meier, Philipp., Hotti, Hannu., Rischer, Heiko. Elicitation of furanocoumarins in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) cell culture . plant cell tissue and organ culture, 2015, vol. 123, no. 3, p. 443–453. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-015-0847-7. [DOI link]
Composition #43: GALEY, FD., HOLSTEGE, DM., FISHER, EG. TOXICOSIS IN DAIRY-CATTLE EXPOSED TO POISON HEMLOCK (CONIUM-MACULATUM) IN HAY - ISOLATION OF CONIUM ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS, HAY, AND URINE . journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 1992, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 60–64. .
Composition #44: GALEY, FD., HOLSTEGE, DM., FISHER, EG. TOXICOSIS IN DAIRY-CATTLE EXPOSED TO POISON HEMLOCK (CONIUM-MACULATUM) IN HAY - ISOLATION OF CONIUM ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS, HAY, AND URINE . journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 1992, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 60–64. .
Composition #45: Holstege, DM., Galey, FD., Johnson, B., Seiber, JN. Determination of alkaloid exposure in a model ruminant (goat) using a multiresidue screening method . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1996, vol. 44, no. 8, p. 2310–2315. DOI: 10.1021/jf950091x. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #1: Colombo, M.L., Marangon, K., Locatelli, C., Giacchè, M., Zulli, R., Restani, P. Hemlock poisoning due to plant misidentification. journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2009, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 43–47. .
Endpoint study #2: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #3: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #4: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #5: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #6: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #7: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #8: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #9: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #10: Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841–865. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00204-9. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #11: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Endpoint study #12: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Endpoint study #13: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Endpoint study #14: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Endpoint study #15: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Endpoint study #16: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Endpoint study #17: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Endpoint study #18: Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154–172. .
Endpoint study #19: West, Patrick L., Horowitz, B. Zane., Montanaro, Marc T., Lindsay, James N. Poison Hemlock-induced Respiratory Failure in a Toddler. pediatric emergency care, 2009, vol. 25, no. 11, p. 761–763. .
Endpoint study #20: West, Patrick L., Horowitz, B. Zane., Montanaro, Marc T., Lindsay, James N. Poison Hemlock-induced Respiratory Failure in a Toddler. pediatric emergency care, 2009, vol. 25, no. 11, p. 761–763. .
Endpoint study #21: GALEY, FD., HOLSTEGE, DM., FISHER, EG. TOXICOSIS IN DAIRY-CATTLE EXPOSED TO POISON HEMLOCK (CONIUM-MACULATUM) IN HAY - ISOLATION OF CONIUM ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS, HAY, AND URINE . journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 1992, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 60–64. .
Endpoint study #22: GALEY, FD., HOLSTEGE, DM., FISHER, EG. TOXICOSIS IN DAIRY-CATTLE EXPOSED TO POISON HEMLOCK (CONIUM-MACULATUM) IN HAY - ISOLATION OF CONIUM ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS, HAY, AND URINE . journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 1992, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 60–64. .
Endpoint study #23: FORSYTH, CS., FRANK, AA. EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY OF CONIINE TO RATS AND RABBITS. teratology, 1993, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 59–64. DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420480110. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #24: Holstege, DM., Galey, FD., Johnson, B., Seiber, JN. Determination of alkaloid exposure in a model ruminant (goat) using a multiresidue screening method . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1996, vol. 44, no. 8, p. 2310–2315. DOI: 10.1021/jf950091x. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #25: Holstege, DM., Galey, FD., Johnson, B., Seiber, JN. Determination of alkaloid exposure in a model ruminant (goat) using a multiresidue screening method . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1996, vol. 44, no. 8, p. 2310–2315. DOI: 10.1021/jf950091x. [DOI link]
Endpoint study #26: Holstege, DM., Galey, FD., Johnson, B., Seiber, JN. Determination of alkaloid exposure in a model ruminant (goat) using a multiresidue screening method . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1996, vol. 44, no. 8, p. 2310–2315. DOI: 10.1021/jf950091x. [DOI link]