EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cinnamon (as plant) // Cinnamomum verum J.Presl. // Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume

Family:: Lauraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 3708
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: alkaloids in bark #2: coumarins in bark #3: anthraquinone in bark #4: tannins in bark #5: cinnamaldehyde in bark #6: cinnamyl alcohol in bark #7: eugenol in bark #8: coumarin in bark

Endpoint Studies

#1: increased number of resorption in rats fed during pregnancy with plant extracts #2: 40% of male mice developed tumors (malignant stomach tumors or benign pappilomas near the lip) after dosing for one year followed by a second year without dosing. #3: Rat alpha-Glucosidase inhibition #4: 90-days toxicity study in mice

Genotoxicity

#1: Bark: Intermediate mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102

Composition #1: Mohamed Sham Shihabudeen, H., Hansi Priscilla, D., Thirumurugan, Kavitha. Cinnamon extract inhibits alpha-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. . nutrition & metabolism, 2011, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 46–46. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-46. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in bark

Composition #2: Mohamed Sham Shihabudeen, H., Hansi Priscilla, D., Thirumurugan, Kavitha. Cinnamon extract inhibits alpha-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. . nutrition & metabolism, 2011, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 46–46. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-46. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coumarins in bark

Composition #3: Mohamed Sham Shihabudeen, H., Hansi Priscilla, D., Thirumurugan, Kavitha. Cinnamon extract inhibits alpha-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. . nutrition & metabolism, 2011, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 46–46. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-46. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Anthraquinone (RF-0475-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

anthraquinone in bark

Composition #4: Mohamed Sham Shihabudeen, H., Hansi Priscilla, D., Thirumurugan, Kavitha. Cinnamon extract inhibits alpha-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. . nutrition & metabolism, 2011, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 46–46. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-46. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins in bark

Composition #5: Woehrlin, Friederike., Fry, Hildburg., Abraham, Klaus., Preiss-Weigert, Angelika. Quantification of Flavoring Constituents in Cinnamon: High Variation of Coumarin in Cassia Bark from the German Retail Market and in Authentic Samples from Indonesia . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2010, vol. 58, no. 19, p. 10568–10575. DOI: 10.1021/jf102112p. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

cinnamaldehyde (RF-00003742-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2080-28200
Internal remarks:

cinnamaldehyde in bark

Composition #6: Woehrlin, Friederike., Fry, Hildburg., Abraham, Klaus., Preiss-Weigert, Angelika. Quantification of Flavoring Constituents in Cinnamon: High Variation of Coumarin in Cassia Bark from the German Retail Market and in Authentic Samples from Indonesia . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2010, vol. 58, no. 19, p. 10568–10575. DOI: 10.1021/jf102112p. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Cinnamyl alcohol (RF-00010111-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 946
Internal remarks:

cinnamyl alcohol in bark

Composition #7: Woehrlin, Friederike., Fry, Hildburg., Abraham, Klaus., Preiss-Weigert, Angelika. Quantification of Flavoring Constituents in Cinnamon: High Variation of Coumarin in Cassia Bark from the German Retail Market and in Authentic Samples from Indonesia . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2010, vol. 58, no. 19, p. 10568–10575. DOI: 10.1021/jf102112p. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 8140
Internal remarks:

eugenol in bark

Composition #8: Woehrlin, Friederike., Fry, Hildburg., Abraham, Klaus., Preiss-Weigert, Angelika. Quantification of Flavoring Constituents in Cinnamon: High Variation of Coumarin in Cassia Bark from the German Retail Market and in Authentic Samples from Indonesia . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2010, vol. 58, no. 19, p. 10568–10575. DOI: 10.1021/jf102112p. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Coumarin (RF-00000370-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 486
Internal remarks:

coumarin in bark

Endpoint study #1: Pellegatti Lemonica, I., Borro Macedo, A. M. R. Abortive and/or embryofetotoxic effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaf extracts in pregnant rats . fitoterapia, 1994, vol. 65, no. 5, p. 431–434. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous and chloroform
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

70
Critical effect:

DEVELOPMENTAL (TOX07A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

The results showed that the females treated with both the extracts presented an increased number of resorptions
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

development (CHD006BE)
Internal remarks:

increased number of resorption in rats fed during pregnancy with plant extracts

Endpoint study #2: Balachandran, B., Sivaramkrishnan, V. M. Induction of tumours of Indian dietary constituents. indian journal of cancer, 1995, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 104–109. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

12.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per day (G209A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Stomach (TT027A)
Effect description:

40% of the dosed mice developed tumors either malignant tumours (carcinoma) in the stomach or benign Squamous pappiomas near lips
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology neoplastic (CHD024BE)
Internal remarks:

40% of male mice developed tumors (malignant stomach tumors or benign pappilomas near the lip) after dosing for one year followed by a second year without dosing.

Endpoint study #3: Mohamed Sham Shihabudeen, H., Hansi Priscilla, D., Thirumurugan, Kavitha. Cinnamon extract inhibits alpha-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. . nutrition & metabolism, 2011, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 46–46. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-46. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Sex:

Male
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

670
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Effect description:

Alpha-Glucosidase inhibition (IC 50 = 670 microgram per ml)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

Rat alpha-Glucosidase inhibition

Endpoint study #4: Shah, AH., Al-Shareef, AH., Ageel, AM., Qureshi, S. Toxicity studies in mice of common spices, Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark and Piper longum fruits . plant foods for human nutrition, 1998, vol. 52, no. 3, p. 231–239. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008088323164. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

30
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Statistically significant reduced hemoglobin levels and caused reduction in liver weight
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

90-days toxicity study in mice

Genotox #1: Mahmoud, I., Alkofahi, A., Abdelaziz, A. Mutagenic and toxic activities of several spices and some jordanian medicinal plants. pharmaceutical biology, 1992, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 81–85. DOI: 10.3109/13880209209053961. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 102 (CHD025ST)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

no data
Control groups used:

no data
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Intermediate mutagenic activity
Internal remarks:

Bark: Intermediate mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-84907105429