EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Chinabark (as plant) // Cinchona calisaya Wedd. // Cinchona ledgeriana (Howard) Bern.Moens ex Trimen // Cinchona peruviana Howard

Family:: Rubiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 241
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Quinine in seeds #2: Quinine in bark #3: total alkaloids in bark #4: Quinidine in bark #5: total alkaloids in bark #6: Cinchonine in bark #7: Cinchonidine in bark #8: Quinine in bark #9: total alkaloids - bark #10: cinchonidine - bark #11: cinchonine - bark #12: quinine - bark #13: quinoline alkaloids - Cincholenines A and B #14: Alkaloids total (quinoline and indole alkaloids) in roots

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: van Lerrsum, P. The occurrence of quinine in the seeds of Cinchona ledgeriana Moens. pharmaceutisch weekblad, 1914, vol. 50, p. 1464–7. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

quinine (RF-00004022-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.38
Internal remarks:

Quinine in seeds

Composition #2: Wasicky, R., Unti, O., Barbieri, E. Quinine and alkaloids in Brazil. anais faculdade farm. odontol. univ. sao paulo, 1943, vol. 1942-1943, 3, p. 137–83. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

quinine (RF-00004022-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.961-2.75
Internal remarks:

Quinine in bark

Composition #3: Wasicky, R., Unti, O., Barbieri, E. Quinine and alkaloids in Brazil. anais faculdade farm. odontol. univ. sao paulo, 1943, vol. 1942-1943, 3, p. 137–83. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Total alkaloids
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.25-4.1
Internal remarks:

total alkaloids in bark

Composition #4: Peterson, Lyall E. Cinchona-the quinine tree. j. forestry, 1947, vol. 45, p. 500–2. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

quinidine (RF-00004021-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.08
Internal remarks:

Quinidine in bark

Composition #5: Peterson, Lyall E. Cinchona-the quinine tree. j. forestry, 1947, vol. 45, p. 500–2. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Total alkaloids
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9.1
Internal remarks:

total alkaloids in bark

Composition #6: Peterson, Lyall E. Cinchona-the quinine tree. j. forestry, 1947, vol. 45, p. 500–2. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

cinchonine (RF-00003741-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.085
Internal remarks:

Cinchonine in bark

Composition #7: Peterson, Lyall E. Cinchona-the quinine tree. j. forestry, 1947, vol. 45, p. 500–2. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

cinchonidine (RF-00003740-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.105
Internal remarks:

Cinchonidine in bark

Composition #8: Peterson, Lyall E. Cinchona-the quinine tree. j. forestry, 1947, vol. 45, p. 500–2. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

quinine (RF-00004022-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.92
Internal remarks:

Quinine in bark

Composition #9: Hodge, W. H. Wartime Cinchona procurement in Latin America. economic botany, 1948, vol. 2, p. 229–57. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional extraction description:

dry bark
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Total alkaloids
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.5
Internal remarks:

total alkaloids - bark

Composition #10: Hodge, W. H. Wartime Cinchona procurement in Latin America. economic botany, 1948, vol. 2, p. 229–57. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional extraction description:

dry bark
Substance:

cinchonidine (RF-00003740-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.86
Internal remarks:

cinchonidine - bark

Composition #11: Hodge, W. H. Wartime Cinchona procurement in Latin America. economic botany, 1948, vol. 2, p. 229–57. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional extraction description:

dry bark
Substance:

cinchonine (RF-00003741-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.26
Internal remarks:

cinchonine - bark

Composition #12: Hodge, W. H. Wartime Cinchona procurement in Latin America. economic botany, 1948, vol. 2, p. 229–57. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional extraction description:

dry bark
Substance:

quinine (RF-00004022-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.38
Internal remarks:

quinine - bark

Composition #13: Cheng, Gui-Guang., Zhang, Yu., Cai, Xiang-Hai., Bao, Mei-Fen., Gu, Ji., Li, Yan., Liu, Ning., Liu, Ya-Ping., Luo, Xiao-Dong. Cincholenines A and B, two unprecedented quinoline alkaloids from Cinchona ledgeriana . tetrahedron letters, 2013, vol. 54, no. 34, p. 4547–4550. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.078. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dried bark, MeOH extraction
Substance:

Quinoline alkaloids (RF-00004326-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Cincholenines A and B
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

quinoline alkaloids - Cincholenines A and B

Composition #14: AERTS, RJ., SNOEIJER, W., VANDERMEIJDEN, E., VERPOORTE, R. ALLELOPATHIC INHIBITION OF SEED-GERMINATION BY CINCHONA ALKALOIDS. phytochemistry, 1991, vol. 30, no. 9, p. 2947–2951. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98229-3. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

N2 dried, extracted with ethanol, two year old plants
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Total alkaloids (mmol/kg): quinoline alkaloids - quinine (3.8), dihydroquinine (0.1), quinidine (2.5) and dihydroquinidine (0.6), cinchonine (2.8). dihydrocinchonine (0.4) and cinchonidine (0.7); indole alkaloid quinamine (1.5)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Millimole/kilogram (G070A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12.5
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids total (quinoline and indole alkaloids) in roots