EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cicuta virosa L.

Family:: Apiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 194
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Cicutoxin #2: Myrcene in essential oil from the fruit #3: cicutol (rhizomes) #4: Cicutoxin (rhizomes) #5: Virol C (rhizomes) #6: Polyacetylene derivatives (isocicutoxin) #7: Virol A (rhizomes) #8: Apterin (aerial parts) #9: Coumarins (aerial parts) #10: Columbianetin-beta-D-glucoside (aerial parts) #11: Cicutol #12: Polyacetylene derivatives #13: Falcarindiol #14: Cicutoxin

Endpoint Studies

#1: Cases of CNS poisoning when the plant was used for food. #2: Dizzy, nausea, seizure, unconsciousness, death

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Kohanawa, Makoto., Tsuji, Hiroshi. The antagonism of hypnotics against cicutoxin, a poisonous principle isolated from Cicuta virosa. nippon yakurigaku zasshi, 1957, vol. 53(Breviaria 1-2(in English)), p. 41–8. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

cicutoxin (RF-00003739-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.65
Internal remarks:

Cicutoxin

Composition #2: Kozhin, S. A., Kovaleva, G. A. The essential oil of water hemlock. sintetich. produkty iz kanifoli i skipidara, akad. nauk belorussk. ssr, tsentr. nauchn.-issled. i proektn. inst. lesokhim. prom., tr. vses. nauchn.-tekhn. soveshch., gorki, 1964, vol. 1963, p. 310–19. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Steam distillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Analytical method - additional description:

gas-liquid chromatography, Raman and IR spectroscopy
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.7
Internal remarks:

Myrcene in essential oil from the fruit

Composition #3: Anet, E.F.L.J., Lythgoe, B., Silk, M.H., Trippett, S. Oenanthotoxin and cicutoxin. Isolation and structures. journal of the chemical society (resumed), 1953, p. 309–322. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ether
Substance:

cicutol (RF-00003738-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

chromatography and crystallsation
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cicutol (rhizomes)

Composition #4: Ohta, T., Uwai, K., Kikuchi, R., Nozoe, S., Oshima, Y., Sasaki, K., Yoshizaki, F. Absolute stereochemistry of cicutoxin and related toxic polyacetylenic alcohols from Cicuta virosa . tetrahedron, 1999, vol. 55, no. 41, p. 12087–12098. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(99)00706-1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cicutoxin (RF-00003739-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

column chromatography
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.044
Internal remarks:

Cicutoxin (rhizomes)

Composition #5: Ohta, T., Uwai, K., Kikuchi, R., Nozoe, S., Oshima, Y., Sasaki, K., Yoshizaki, F. Absolute stereochemistry of cicutoxin and related toxic polyacetylenic alcohols from Cicuta virosa . tetrahedron, 1999, vol. 55, no. 41, p. 12087–12098. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(99)00706-1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

virol C (RF-00004486-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

column chromatography
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0012
Internal remarks:

Virol C (rhizomes)

Composition #6: Ohta, T., Uwai, K., Kikuchi, R., Nozoe, S., Oshima, Y., Sasaki, K., Yoshizaki, F. Absolute stereochemistry of cicutoxin and related toxic polyacetylenic alcohols from Cicuta virosa . tetrahedron, 1999, vol. 55, no. 41, p. 12087–12098. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(99)00706-1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

polyacetylene derivatives polyacetylene derivatives (RF-00004332-PAR)
Additional substance description:

isocicutoxin
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

column chromatography
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.013
Internal remarks:

Polyacetylene derivatives (isocicutoxin)

Composition #7: Ohta, T., Uwai, K., Kikuchi, R., Nozoe, S., Oshima, Y., Sasaki, K., Yoshizaki, F. Absolute stereochemistry of cicutoxin and related toxic polyacetylenic alcohols from Cicuta virosa . tetrahedron, 1999, vol. 55, no. 41, p. 12087–12098. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(99)00706-1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

virol A (RF-00004484-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

column chromatography
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0015
Internal remarks:

Virol A (rhizomes)

Composition #8: Wang, Shu-Qi., Li, Xia., Wang, Xiao-Ning., Wei, Na-Na., Lou, Hong-Xiang. Coumarins from Cicuta virosa and their modulating effects on multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors . phytochemistry letters, 2011, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 97–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2010.11.007. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% methanol
Substance:

apterin (RF-00004152-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Apterin (aerial parts)

Composition #9: Wang, Shu-Qi., Li, Xia., Wang, Xiao-Ning., Wei, Na-Na., Lou, Hong-Xiang. Coumarins from Cicuta virosa and their modulating effects on multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors . phytochemistry letters, 2011, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 97–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2010.11.007. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% methanol
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

diarchangelicin A, libanorin, columbiadenin, isoedultin, zosimin, daucoidin A
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins (aerial parts)

Composition #10: Wang, Shu-Qi., Li, Xia., Wang, Xiao-Ning., Wei, Na-Na., Lou, Hong-Xiang. Coumarins from Cicuta virosa and their modulating effects on multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors . phytochemistry letters, 2011, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 97–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2010.11.007. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% methanol
Substance:

Furanocoumarins (RF-00004381-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Columbianetin-beta-D-glucoside
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Columbianetin-beta-D-glucoside (aerial parts)

Composition #11: WITTSTOCK, U., HADACEK, F., WURZ, G., TEUSCHER, E., GREGER, H. POLYACETYLENES FROM WATER HEMLOCK, CICUTA-VIROSA. planta medica, 1995, vol. 61, no. 5, p. 439–445. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958132. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cicutol (RF-00003738-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC, MNR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cicutol

Composition #12: WITTSTOCK, U., HADACEK, F., WURZ, G., TEUSCHER, E., GREGER, H. POLYACETYLENES FROM WATER HEMLOCK, CICUTA-VIROSA. planta medica, 1995, vol. 61, no. 5, p. 439–445. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958132. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

polyacetylene derivatives polyacetylene derivatives (RF-00004332-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cicudiol, isocicutoxin and isocicutol
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC, MNR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Polyacetylene derivatives

Composition #13: WITTSTOCK, U., HADACEK, F., WURZ, G., TEUSCHER, E., GREGER, H. POLYACETYLENES FROM WATER HEMLOCK, CICUTA-VIROSA. planta medica, 1995, vol. 61, no. 5, p. 439–445. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958132. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

falcarindiol (RF-00003811-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC, MNR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Falcarindiol

Composition #14: WITTSTOCK, U., HADACEK, F., WURZ, G., TEUSCHER, E., GREGER, H. POLYACETYLENES FROM WATER HEMLOCK, CICUTA-VIROSA. planta medica, 1995, vol. 61, no. 5, p. 439–445. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958132. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cicutoxin (RF-00003739-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC, MNR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cicutoxin

Endpoint study #1: Orlov, N. I. Poisoning by Cicuta roots. gigiena i sanitariya, 1948, vol. 13(No. 9), p. 35–6. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

100
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

Over 100 cases of poisoning reported when the plant was used for food. The article also mentions fatalities on absorption of the toxin through broken skin.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Cases of CNS poisoning when the plant was used for food.

Endpoint study #2: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Becket, Gordon., Beasley, D. Michael G. Poisoning due to water hemlock. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 270–278. DOI: 10.1080/15563650902904332. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Additional plant/substance description:

whole plant root
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Unit (G005A)
Effect concentration:

0.5
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

Dizzy, nausea, seizure, unconsciousness, death reported after consumption of 1/2 root
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Dizzy, nausea, seizure, unconsciousness, death