EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cicuta maculata L.

Family:: Apiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 44
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: cicutin (coniin) in roots #2: cicutol in seeds #3: cicutol in tubers #4: cicutoxin in seeds #5: cicutoxin in tubers #6: bergapten in leaves #7: dihydrofuranocoumarin glycosides in seeds (furanocoumarins) #8: isoimperatorin in seeds #9: xanthotoxin in seeds #10: bergapten in seeds #11: xanthotoxin in seeds

Endpoint Studies

#1: case report - mortality #2: review - case reports (cicutotoxin) #3: case reports in cattle - mortality #4: acute toxicity - seeds #5: acute toxicity - tubers

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Marion, Leo. The isolation of cicutin from Cicuta maculata L. canadian journal of research, section b: chemical sciences, 1942, vol. 20;B, p. 157–60. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

coniine (RF-00004212-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syn for cicutin
Analytical method - additional description:

unspecified
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.13
Internal remarks:

cicutin (coniin) in roots

Composition #2: Panter, Kip E., Gardner, Dale R., Stegelmeier, Bryan L., Welch, Kevin D., Holstege, Dirk. Water hemlock poisoning in cattle: Ingestion of immature Cicuta maculata seed as the probable cause . toxicon, 2011, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 157–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous extract
Substance:

cicutol (RF-00003738-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cicutol in seeds

Composition #3: Panter, Kip E., Gardner, Dale R., Stegelmeier, Bryan L., Welch, Kevin D., Holstege, Dirk. Water hemlock poisoning in cattle: Ingestion of immature Cicuta maculata seed as the probable cause . toxicon, 2011, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 157–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous extract
Substance:

cicutol (RF-00003738-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cicutol in tubers

Composition #4: Panter, Kip E., Gardner, Dale R., Stegelmeier, Bryan L., Welch, Kevin D., Holstege, Dirk. Water hemlock poisoning in cattle: Ingestion of immature Cicuta maculata seed as the probable cause . toxicon, 2011, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 157–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous extract
Substance:

cicutoxin (RF-00003739-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cicutoxin in seeds

Composition #5: Panter, Kip E., Gardner, Dale R., Stegelmeier, Bryan L., Welch, Kevin D., Holstege, Dirk. Water hemlock poisoning in cattle: Ingestion of immature Cicuta maculata seed as the probable cause . toxicon, 2011, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 157–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous extract
Substance:

cicutoxin (RF-00003739-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cicutoxin in tubers

Composition #6: BERENBAUM, M. PATTERNS OF FURANOCOUMARIN DISTRIBUTION AND INSECT HERBIVORY IN THE UMBELLIFERAE - PLANT CHEMISTRY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . ecology, 1981, vol. 62, no. 5, p. 1254–1266. DOI: 10.2307/1937290. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot ethanol
Substance:

Bergapten (RF-00003837-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel thin-layer
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

bergapten in leaves

Composition #7: BERENBAUM, M. PATTERNS OF FURANOCOUMARIN DISTRIBUTION AND INSECT HERBIVORY IN THE UMBELLIFERAE - PLANT CHEMISTRY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . ecology, 1981, vol. 62, no. 5, p. 1254–1266. DOI: 10.2307/1937290. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot ethanol
Substance:

Furanocoumarins (RF-00004381-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Dihydrofuranocoumarin glycosides
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel thin-layer
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

dihydrofuranocoumarin glycosides in seeds (furanocoumarins)

Composition #8: BERENBAUM, M. PATTERNS OF FURANOCOUMARIN DISTRIBUTION AND INSECT HERBIVORY IN THE UMBELLIFERAE - PLANT CHEMISTRY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . ecology, 1981, vol. 62, no. 5, p. 1254–1266. DOI: 10.2307/1937290. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot ethanol
Substance:

isoimperatorin (RF-00003880-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel thin-layer
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoimperatorin in seeds

Composition #9: BERENBAUM, M. PATTERNS OF FURANOCOUMARIN DISTRIBUTION AND INSECT HERBIVORY IN THE UMBELLIFERAE - PLANT CHEMISTRY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . ecology, 1981, vol. 62, no. 5, p. 1254–1266. DOI: 10.2307/1937290. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot ethanol
Substance:

Methoxsalen Methoxsalen (RF-00003863-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syn for xanthotoxin
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel thin-layer
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

xanthotoxin in seeds

Composition #10: BERENBAUM, M. PATTERNS OF FURANOCOUMARIN DISTRIBUTION AND INSECT HERBIVORY IN THE UMBELLIFERAE - PLANT CHEMISTRY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . ecology, 1981, vol. 62, no. 5, p. 1254–1266. DOI: 10.2307/1937290. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot ethanol
Substance:

Bergapten (RF-00003837-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel thin-layer
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

bergapten in seeds

Composition #11: BERENBAUM, M. PATTERNS OF FURANOCOUMARIN DISTRIBUTION AND INSECT HERBIVORY IN THE UMBELLIFERAE - PLANT CHEMISTRY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . ecology, 1981, vol. 62, no. 5, p. 1254–1266. DOI: 10.2307/1937290. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot ethanol
Substance:

Methoxsalen Methoxsalen (RF-00003863-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syn for xanthotoxin
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel thin-layer
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

xanthotoxin in seeds

Endpoint study #1: Centers For Disease Control (Usa). Water hemlock poisoning: Maine, 1992. morbidity and mortality weekly report, 1994, vol. 43, no. 13, p. 229–231. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

dose- 3 bites, cyanotic with mild tachycardia, dilated pupils, profuse salivation, severe tonic-clonic seizures, apnea, mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

case report - mortality

Endpoint study #2: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Becket, Gordon., Beasley, D. Michael G. Poisoning due to water hemlock. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 270–278. DOI: 10.1080/15563650902904332. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

cicutoxin (RF-00003739-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

diaphoresis, abdominal pain, vomiting, delirium, nausea, cyanosis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

review - case reports (cicutotoxin)

Endpoint study #3: Panter, Kip E., Gardner, Dale R., Stegelmeier, Bryan L., Welch, Kevin D., Holstege, Dirk. Water hemlock poisoning in cattle: Ingestion of immature Cicuta maculata seed as the probable cause . toxicon, 2011, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 157–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.009. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

81
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Effect description:

mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

case reports in cattle - mortality

Endpoint study #4: Panter, Kip E., Gardner, Dale R., Stegelmeier, Bryan L., Welch, Kevin D., Holstege, Dirk. Water hemlock poisoning in cattle: Ingestion of immature Cicuta maculata seed as the probable cause . toxicon, 2011, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 157–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.009. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extraction
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

SwissWebster (CHD006ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Millilitre (G156A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

piloerection, tail flickung, muscle twitching and tremors, death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

acute toxicity - seeds

Endpoint study #5: Panter, Kip E., Gardner, Dale R., Stegelmeier, Bryan L., Welch, Kevin D., Holstege, Dirk. Water hemlock poisoning in cattle: Ingestion of immature Cicuta maculata seed as the probable cause . toxicon, 2011, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 157–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.009. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extraction
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

SwissWebster (CHD006ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Millilitre (G156A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

piloerection, tail flickung, muscle twitching and tremors, death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

acute toxicity - tubers