EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Goosefoot (as plant) // Chenopodium album L.

Family:: Amaranthaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 7167
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: saponins #2: oxalates #3: nitrate #4: tannins #5: oxalic acid #6: nitrate #7: Sesquilignans in leaves (threo-guaiacylglycerol- β -O-4-syringaresinol ether, threo-guaiacylglycerol-α-O-methyl-β -O-4-syringaresinol ether, threo-syringylglycerol-α-O-methyl-β-O- 4-syringaresinol ether) #8: pinoresinol - leaves #9: lariciresinol - leaves #10: syringaresinol- leaves #11: m-coumaric acid #12: CALCIUM OXALATE - leaves and stem

Endpoint Studies

#1: nitrate poisoning in cattle

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Ehsen, Saman., Qasim, Muhammad., Abideen, Zainul., Rizvi, R. Fatima., Gul, Bilquees., Ansari, Raziuddin., Khan, M. Ajmal. Secondary metabolites as anti-nutritional factors in locally used halophytic forage/fodder. pakistan journal of botany, 2016, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 629–636. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

80 % methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Analytical method - additional description:

reagent mixture
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.431-0.463
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #2: Ehsen, Saman., Qasim, Muhammad., Abideen, Zainul., Rizvi, R. Fatima., Gul, Bilquees., Ansari, Raziuddin., Khan, M. Ajmal. Secondary metabolites as anti-nutritional factors in locally used halophytic forage/fodder. pakistan journal of botany, 2016, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 629–636. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Analytical method - additional description:

reagent mixture
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.54-0.722
Internal remarks:

oxalates

Composition #3: Ehsen, Saman., Qasim, Muhammad., Abideen, Zainul., Rizvi, R. Fatima., Gul, Bilquees., Ansari, Raziuddin., Khan, M. Ajmal. Secondary metabolites as anti-nutritional factors in locally used halophytic forage/fodder. pakistan journal of botany, 2016, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 629–636. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Nitrate (RF-00000085-CHE)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Analytical method - additional description:

reagent mixture
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.275-0.367
Internal remarks:

nitrate

Composition #4: Ehsen, Saman., Qasim, Muhammad., Abideen, Zainul., Rizvi, R. Fatima., Gul, Bilquees., Ansari, Raziuddin., Khan, M. Ajmal. Secondary metabolites as anti-nutritional factors in locally used halophytic forage/fodder. pakistan journal of botany, 2016, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 629–636. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Analytical method - additional description:

reagent mixture
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.706-0.716
Internal remarks:

tannins

Composition #5: Guil, JL., Rodriguez-Garcia, I., Torija, E. Nutritional and toxic factors in selected wild edible plants. plant foods for human nutrition, 1997, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007988815888. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

oxalic acid (RF-00000356-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

spectrophotometrically by dissociation of the zirconium (IV)-chloranillate complex
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1100
Internal remarks:

oxalic acid

Composition #6: Guil, JL., Rodriguez-Garcia, I., Torija, E. Nutritional and toxic factors in selected wild edible plants. plant foods for human nutrition, 1997, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007988815888. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

Nitrate (RF-00000085-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

2,4-phenol-disolfonic acid reaction
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

350
Internal remarks:

nitrate

Composition #7: Cutillo, Francesca., Dellagreca, Marina., Gionti, Melania., Previtera, Lucio., Zarrelli, Armando. Phenols and Lignans from Chenopodium album. phytochemical analysis, 2006, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 344–349. DOI: 10.1002/pca.924. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol and Methanol/Water, column chromatography
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Sesquilignans (threo-guaiacylglycerol- β -O-4-syringaresinol ether, threo-guaiacylglycerol-α-O-methyl-β -O-4-syringaresinol ether, threo-syringylglycerol-α-O-methyl-β-O- 4-syringaresinol ether)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR, ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sesquilignans in leaves (threo-guaiacylglycerol- β -O-4-syringaresinol ether, threo-guaiacylglycerol-α-O-methyl-β -O-4-syringaresinol ether, threo-syringylglycerol-α-O-methyl-β-O- 4-syringaresinol ether)

Composition #8: Cutillo, Francesca., Dellagreca, Marina., Gionti, Melania., Previtera, Lucio., Zarrelli, Armando. Phenols and Lignans from Chenopodium album. phytochemical analysis, 2006, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 344–349. DOI: 10.1002/pca.924. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol and water/methanol, column chromatography
Substance:

Pinoresinol (RF-00011088-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR, UV, ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pinoresinol - leaves

Composition #9: Cutillo, Francesca., Dellagreca, Marina., Gionti, Melania., Previtera, Lucio., Zarrelli, Armando. Phenols and Lignans from Chenopodium album. phytochemical analysis, 2006, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 344–349. DOI: 10.1002/pca.924. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water:methanol (9:1) and methanol + column chromatography
Substance:

lariciresinol (RF-00011086-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lariciresinol - leaves

Composition #10: Cutillo, Francesca., Dellagreca, Marina., Gionti, Melania., Previtera, Lucio., Zarrelli, Armando. Phenols and Lignans from Chenopodium album. phytochemical analysis, 2006, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 344–349. DOI: 10.1002/pca.924. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol and Methanol/Water, column chromatography
Substance:

syringaresinol (RF-00011386-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR, ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

syringaresinol- leaves

Composition #11: Raza, Ali., Kamran, Muhammad., Safdar, Muhammad Ehsan., Ali, Hafiz Haider., Abbas, Tasawer., Asif, Muhammad., Ali, Liaqat., Rehman, Abdul. Management Tactics for Handling Parthenium hysterophorus in Non-Native Environment through Phytotoxic Compounds of Local Species. international journal of agriculture and biology, 2019, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 215–222. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0884. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water extract
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Additional substance description:

m-coumaric acid
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/litre (G062A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.93
Internal remarks:

m-coumaric acid

Composition #12: DOAIGEY, AR. OCCURRENCE, TYPE, AND LOCATION OF CALCIUM-OXALATE CRYSTALS IN LEAVES AND STEMS OF 16 SPECIES OF POISONOUS PLANTS. american journal of botany, 1991, vol. 78, no. 12, p. 1608–1616. DOI: 10.2307/2444842. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

leaves and stems, ethanol
Substance:

Calcium oxalate (RF-00003960-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Microscopic detection (F536A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

CALCIUM OXALATE - leaves and stem

Endpoint study #1: Ozmen, O., Mor, F., Unsal, A. Nitrate poisoning in cattle fed Chenopodium album hay. veterinary and human toxicology, 2003, vol. 45, no. 2, p. 83–84. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Nitrate (RF-00000085-CHE)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Minute (G074A)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

ppm (G288A)
Effect concentration:

2500
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

ataxia, rapid and dificult breath, increased heart rate, temors, coma, death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

nitrate poisoning in cattle