EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl.

Family:: Celastraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1410
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: Cathinone (leaves) #2: 1-Phenylpropan-1,2-dione (leaves) #3: Cathine and norephedrine (leaves) #4: Cathinone (aerial parts) #5: 1-Phenylpropan-1,2-dione (aerial parts) #6: (1S)(2S)-Cathine (aerial parts) #7: (1R)(2S)-Norephedrine (aerial parts) #8: Oxazolidine derivatives

Endpoint Studies

#1: Decrease in biochemical factors indicating oxidative stress in mice brain #2: Increase in biochemical factors for oxidative stress and cytokines in mice brain #3: Decrease in biochemical factors indicating oxidative stress in mice brain #4: Increase in biochemical factors for oxidative stress and cytokines in mice brain #5: Dose-dependent anti-implantation activity, abortifacient activity, decrease in weight and length of foetuses, anti-oestrogenic activity #6: Increase in lung to body weight ratio and lung hemorrhagic lesions in mice #7: Increase in mortality and skin lesions and changes in hematological parameters in mice #8: Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in rat

Genotoxicity

#1: Micronuclei induction in human buccal muscosa cells #2: Increased micronuclei frequency and centromere positivity in buccal and bladder mucosal cells #3: Chromosome aberration in rat lymphocytes

Composition #1: Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Developmental patterns of phenylpropylamino alkaloids accumulation in khat (Catha edulis, Forsk.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 114, no. 3, p. 432–438. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.042. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MTBE
Substance:

(-)-cathinone (RF-00004197-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6-368
Internal remarks:

Cathinone (leaves)

Composition #2: Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Developmental patterns of phenylpropylamino alkaloids accumulation in khat (Catha edulis, Forsk.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 114, no. 3, p. 432–438. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.042. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MTBE
Substance:

1-Phenylpropan-1,2-dione (RF-00002287-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3-114
Internal remarks:

1-Phenylpropan-1,2-dione (leaves)

Composition #3: Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Developmental patterns of phenylpropylamino alkaloids accumulation in khat (Catha edulis, Forsk.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 114, no. 3, p. 432–438. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.042. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MTBE
Substance:

cathine (RF-00003520-PAR)
Additional substance description:

The concentration values given are for both (+)-cathine and (-)-norephedrine
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

43-500
Internal remarks:

Cathine and norephedrine (leaves)

Composition #4: Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Dessow, Ilana., Ravid, Uzi., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Quantitative stereoisomeric determination of phenylpropylamino alkaloids in khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) using chiral GC-MS . israel journal of plant sciences, 2008, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 207–213. DOI: 10.1560/IJPS.56.3.207. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MTBE, from leaves and stems
Substance:

(-)-cathinone (RF-00004197-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Note: Chiral GC-MS was also used to fully separate the targeted compounds
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

85-188
Internal remarks:

Cathinone (aerial parts)

Composition #5: Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Dessow, Ilana., Ravid, Uzi., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Quantitative stereoisomeric determination of phenylpropylamino alkaloids in khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) using chiral GC-MS . israel journal of plant sciences, 2008, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 207–213. DOI: 10.1560/IJPS.56.3.207. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MTBE, from leaves and stems
Substance:

1-Phenylpropan-1,2-dione (RF-00002287-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Note: Chiral GC-MS was also used to fully separate the targeted compounds
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6-52
Internal remarks:

1-Phenylpropan-1,2-dione (aerial parts)

Composition #6: Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Dessow, Ilana., Ravid, Uzi., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Quantitative stereoisomeric determination of phenylpropylamino alkaloids in khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) using chiral GC-MS . israel journal of plant sciences, 2008, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 207–213. DOI: 10.1560/IJPS.56.3.207. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MTBE, from leaves and stems
Substance:

cathine (RF-00003520-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Note: Chiral GC-MS was also used to fully separate the targeted compounds
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

255-778
Internal remarks:

(1S)(2S)-Cathine (aerial parts)

Composition #7: Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Dessow, Ilana., Ravid, Uzi., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Quantitative stereoisomeric determination of phenylpropylamino alkaloids in khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) using chiral GC-MS . israel journal of plant sciences, 2008, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 207–213. DOI: 10.1560/IJPS.56.3.207. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MTBE, from leaves and stems
Substance:

norephedrine (RF-00003517-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Note: Chiral GC-MS was also used to fully separate the targeted compounds
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

17-299
Internal remarks:

(1R)(2S)-Norephedrine (aerial parts)

Composition #8: Krizevski, Raz., Bar, Einat., Dudai, Nativ., Levy, Asaf., Lewinsohn, Efraim., Sitrit, Yaron., Ben-Shabat, Shimon. Naturally Occurring Norephedrine Oxazolidine Derivatives in Khat (Catha edulis) . planta medica, 2012, vol. 78, no. 8, p. 838–842. DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1298430. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MTBE, from leaves and stems
Substance:

Oxazolidines (RF-00000757-VET)
Additional substance description:

2,4-Dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidine and 4-methyl-2-(trans-1-pentenyl)-5-phenyloxazolidine
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Oxazolidine derivatives

Endpoint study #1: Ali, Elham H. A., Hegazy, Hoda G., Mosaad, Rehab M. Interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers of khat, cathinone and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride intoxication in male mice. african journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2015, vol. 9, no. 23, p. 585–594. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Methanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

Decrease in free calcium, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio in brains of mice after khat extract exposure, indicating oxidative stress
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Decrease in biochemical factors indicating oxidative stress in mice brain

Endpoint study #2: Ali, Elham H. A., Hegazy, Hoda G., Mosaad, Rehab M. Interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers of khat, cathinone and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride intoxication in male mice. african journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2015, vol. 9, no. 23, p. 585–594. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Methanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

Increase in COX-2, IL-1Beta, IL-6, MDA, Nitric Oxide, TNF-alpha, and Uric Acid in brains of mice exposed to khat extract (oxidative stress)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Increase in biochemical factors for oxidative stress and cytokines in mice brain

Endpoint study #3: Ali, Elham H. A., Hegazy, Hoda G., Mosaad, Rehab M. Interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers of khat, cathinone and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride intoxication in male mice. african journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2015, vol. 9, no. 23, p. 585–594. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

(-)-cathinone (RF-00004197-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Diethyl ether
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

1.6
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

Decrease in free calcium, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio in brains of mice exposed to cathinone extract, indicating oxidative stress
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Decrease in biochemical factors indicating oxidative stress in mice brain

Endpoint study #4: Ali, Elham H. A., Hegazy, Hoda G., Mosaad, Rehab M. Interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers of khat, cathinone and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride intoxication in male mice. african journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2015, vol. 9, no. 23, p. 585–594. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

(-)-cathinone (RF-00004197-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Diethyl ether
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

1.6
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

Increase in COX-2, Cytochrome P450, IL-1Beta, IL-6, MDA, Nitric Oxide, TNF-alpha, and Uric Acid in brains of mice exposed to cathinone extract (oxidative stress)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Increase in biochemical factors for oxidative stress and cytokines in mice brain

Endpoint study #5: Tariq, M., Parmar, N.S., Islamr, M.W., Ai‐Meshal, I.A. Evaluation of khat (Catha edulis Forssk) for antifertility activity in rats. phytotherapy research, 1987, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 158–160. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650010405. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Methanol extracts, dried and redissolved in water
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

4.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

250-500
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Ovaries (TT047A)
Effect description:

Dose-dependent anti-implantation activity but not complete infertility, abortifacient activity, a significant decrease in the weight and length of foetuses but no gross abnormalities in the offsprings, anti-oestrogenic activity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Dose-dependent anti-implantation activity, abortifacient activity, decrease in weight and length of foetuses, anti-oestrogenic activity

Endpoint study #6: al-Meshal, I A., Qureshi, S., Ageel, A M., Tariq, M. The toxicity of Catha edulis (khat) in mice.. journal of substance abuse, 1991, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 107–15. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Methanol
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Limit test:

No data
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

28
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100-200
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

respiratory: Lung (TT041A)
Effect description:

Increase in lung to body weight ratio and lung hemorrhagic lesions in mice treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg bw, as compared to controls.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Increase in lung to body weight ratio and lung hemorrhagic lesions in mice

Endpoint study #7: al-Meshal, I A., Qureshi, S., Ageel, A M., Tariq, M. The toxicity of Catha edulis (khat) in mice.. journal of substance abuse, 1991, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 107–15. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Methanol
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Limit test:

No data
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

28
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100-200
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

Decrease in white blood cell count and mean cell volume, and increase in skin lesions in mice. Increase in mortality at 200 mg/kg bw compared to controls.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Increase in mortality and skin lesions and changes in hematological parameters in mice

Endpoint study #8: ISLAM, MW., ALSHABANAH, OA., ALHARBI, MM., ALGHARABLY, NMA. EVALUATION OF TERATOGENIC POTENTIAL OF KHAT (CATHA-EDULIS FORSK) IN RATS. drug and chemical toxicology, 1994, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 51–68. DOI: 10.3109/01480549409064046. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

95% methanol, leaves and shoots
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Limit test:

No data
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

10.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

14
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

125-500
Critical effect:

TERATOGENIC (TOX06A)
Effect description:

Decrease in: body weight gain, food consumption and food efficiency (pregnant dams), fetal growth index and litter size. Increase in: developmental anomalies, fetal resorptions, and fetal wastage.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in rat

Genotox #1: Kassie, F., Darroudi, F., Kundi, M., Schulte-Hermann, R., Knasmuller, S. Khat (Catha edulis) consumption causes genotoxic effects in humans. international journal of cancer, 2001, vol. 92, no. 3, p. 329–332. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1195. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

micronucleus assay (CHD051TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Micronuclei induction in human buccal mucosa cells peaked at 27th day post-exposure (exposure = 3 consecutive days chewing 100g/day), and returned to control/starting levels by day 54.
Internal remarks:

Micronuclei induction in human buccal muscosa cells
Internal ID:

WOS:000167851400004

Genotox #2: Kassie, F., Darroudi, F., Kundi, M., Schulte-Hermann, R., Knasmuller, S. Khat (Catha edulis) consumption causes genotoxic effects in humans. international journal of cancer, 2001, vol. 92, no. 3, p. 329–332. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1195. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

micronucleus assay (CHD051TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

3.5
Unit of exposure duration:

Year (G207A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Heavy khat consumption (100-160 g/day) caused and 8-fold increase micronuclei (MN) frequency in oral (buccal) and bladder (urothelial) mucosa cells. Dose-response relationship between khat consumption and MN frequency was significant in oral mucosa cells but not bladder. FISH assay showed 81% of MN were centromere-positve in high-exposure group, compared to 0 in control group.
Internal remarks:

Increased micronuclei frequency and centromere positivity in buccal and bladder mucosal cells
Internal ID:

WOS:000167851400004

Genotox #3: Al-Zubairi, Adel., Ismail, Patimah., Pei, Chong Pei., Rahmat, Asmah. Genotoxic effect of Catha edulis (khat) crude extract after sub-chronic administration in rats . environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 2008, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 298–303. DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.10.032. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

chromosome aberration assay (CHD047TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 408 (REPEATED DOSE 90-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1256PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

no data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

13.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

13
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Khat extract treatment increased aberrant metaphases in both treatment groups (1000 & 2000 mg/kg bw) with increase in chromosome aberrations of the second treatment group (2000 mg/kg bw), being significantly different (7.38%) compared to the control group (2.2%) (P < 0.05).
Internal remarks:

Chromosome aberration in rat lymphocytes
Internal ID:

WOS:000254776600003