Draft - work in progress
-
- Purging cassia (as plant) // Cassia fistula L.
Purging cassia (as plant) // Cassia fistula L.
- Family:
- Fabaceae
- Approval state:
- Approved
- Number of articles retrieved:
- 1338
- Number of processed references:
- 11
Composition #1: Morinaga, Osamu., Uto, Takuhiro., Sakamoto, Seiichi., Tanaka, Hiroyuki., Shoyama, Yukihiro. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for total sennosides using anti-sennoside A and anti-sennoside B monoclonal antibodies. fitoterapia, 2009, vol. 80, no. 1, p. 28–31. .
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Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
methanol
-
Substance:
sennoside A (RF-00004051-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
Total sennosides
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Analytical method code:
Coproantigen ELISA (F183A)
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Result unit:
Milligram/gram (G060A)
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Result expression:
Dry matter (B002A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
3.45-3.56
-
Internal remarks:
Sennosides (leaves)
Composition #2: Zhou, Min., Xing, Huan-Huan., Yang, Yan., Wang, Yue-De., Zhou, Kun., Dong, Wei., Li, Gan-Peng., Hu, Wei-Yao., Liu, Qiang., Li, Xue-Mei., . Three new anthraquinones from the twigs of Cassia fistula and their bioactivities. journal of asian natural products research, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .
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Plant part:
Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
acetone 70%
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Substance:
anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
fistulaquinones A-C, isorhodoptilometrin-1-methyl ethe, 7-hydroxyemodin-68-methyl ether, sterequinone A
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
-
Analytical method - additional description:
CC, HPLC, NMR
-
Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
Anthraquinones
Composition #3: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
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-
Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
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Substance:
chrysophanol (RF-00003737-PAR)
-
Additional substance description:
total free chrysophanol
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
0.28
-
Internal remarks:
Chrysophanol (aerial parts)
Composition #4: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
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Plant part:
Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
-
Substance:
chrysophanol (RF-00003737-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
10.8
-
Internal remarks:
Chrysophanol (flowers)
Composition #5: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
-
-
Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
-
Substance:
chrysophanol (RF-00003737-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
12.1
-
Internal remarks:
Chrysophanol (leaves)
Composition #6: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
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-
Plant part:
Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
-
Substance:
chrysophanol (RF-00003737-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
4.6
-
Internal remarks:
Chrysophanol (stems)
Composition #7: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
-
-
Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
-
Substance:
physcion (RF-00003993-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
total free physcione
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
0.26
-
Internal remarks:
Physcion (aerial parts)
Composition #8: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
-
-
Plant part:
Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
-
Substance:
physcion (RF-00003993-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
5.1-5.4
-
Internal remarks:
Physcione (flowers)
Composition #9: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
-
-
Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
-
Substance:
physcion (RF-00003993-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
5.1-7.5
-
Internal remarks:
Physcione (leaves)
Composition #10: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
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-
Plant part:
Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
-
Substance:
physcion (RF-00003993-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
7.9
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Internal remarks:
Physcione (fruits)
Composition #11: Khan, M., Shingare, M.S., Siddiqui, A.R., Angadi, S.S., Maske, P.V., Yahya, M., Siddiqui, M.A. TLC-colourimetric estimation of free and combined forms of chrysophanol, emodin and physcione in some Cassia species. indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 767–770. .
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-
Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
chloroform
-
Substance:
physcion (RF-00003993-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
-
Result unit:
Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
4.7-5.1
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Internal remarks:
Physcione (seeds)
Composition #12: Veerachari, U., Bopaiah, A.K. Preliminary phyto-chemical evaluation of the leaf extract of five cassia species. journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2011, vol. 3, no. 5, p. 574–583. .
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Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol
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Substance:
cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
Phytochemical screening (F604A)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
Cardiac glycosides (leaves)
Composition #13: Sakulpanich, A., Chewchinda, S., Sithisarn, P., Gritsanapan, W. Standardization and toxicity evaluation of Cassia fistula pod pulp extract for alternative source of herbal laxative drug. pharmacognosy journal, 2012, vol. 4, no. 28, p. 6–12. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2012.28.2.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
Hot water extract of fruit pulp
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Substance:
anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
Total anthaquinones
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
0.135-0.137
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Internal remarks:
Anthraquinones
Composition #14: Sakulpanich, A., Chewchinda, S., Sithisarn, P., Gritsanapan, W. Standardization and toxicity evaluation of Cassia fistula pod pulp extract for alternative source of herbal laxative drug. pharmacognosy journal, 2012, vol. 4, no. 28, p. 6–12. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2012.28.2.
[
DOI link]
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-
Plant part:
Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
Hot water extract of fruit pulp
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Substance:
rhein (RF-00004027-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Result unit:
Percent (G138A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
0.049-0.055
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Composition #15: Li, L., Xu, W.-X., Liu, C.-B., Zhang, C.-M., Zhao, W., Shang, S.-Z., Deng, L., Guo, Y.-D. A new anthraquinones from Cassia fistula and its cytotoxicity. asian journal of chemistry, 2015, vol. 27, no. 9, p. 3527–3528. DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2015.18662.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
acetone 70%
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Substance:
anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
cassiquinone A in leaves and stem
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Analytical method - additional description:
NMR, HPLC
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
Anthraquinone (cassiquinone)
Composition #16: Mukhopadhyay, MJ., Saha, A., Dutta, A., De, B., Mukherjee, A. Genotoxicity of sennosides on the bone marrow cells of mice. food and chemical toxicology, 1998, vol. 36, no. 11, p. 937–940. DOI: 10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00049-0.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
methanol 50%
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Substance:
sennoside A (RF-00004051-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
sennoside in leaves and pods
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Analytical method code:
Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
sennoside (leaves and pods)
Composition #17: Mukhopadhyay, MJ., Saha, A., Dutta, A., De, B., Mukherjee, A. Genotoxicity of sennosides on the bone marrow cells of mice. food and chemical toxicology, 1998, vol. 36, no. 11, p. 937–940. DOI: 10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00049-0.
[
DOI link]
-
-
Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
methanol 50%
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Substance:
rhein (RF-00004027-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
rhein glycoside in leaves and pods
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Analytical method code:
Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
rhein glycoside (leaves and pods)
Composition #18: Lee, CK., Lee, PH., Kuo, YH. The chemical constituents from the aril of Cassia fistula L.. journal of the chinese chemical society, 2001, vol. 48, no. 6A, p. 1053–1058. .
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Plant part:
Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
Methanol extract of fruit aril (pulp)
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Substance:
Benzaldehyde (RF-00008323-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
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Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
Composition #19: Lee, CK., Lee, PH., Kuo, YH. The chemical constituents from the aril of Cassia fistula L.. journal of the chinese chemical society, 2001, vol. 48, no. 6A, p. 1053–1058. .
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Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
Methanol extract of fruit aril (pulp)
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Substance:
Anthraquinone (RF-0475-001-PPP)
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Additional substance description:
chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, citreorosein, rhein, rhein methyl ester, ziganein, 1,4,5-trihydroxyanthraquinone
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Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
Anthraquinones
Composition #20: Lee, CK., Lee, PH., Kuo, YH. The chemical constituents from the aril of Cassia fistula L.. journal of the chinese chemical society, 2001, vol. 48, no. 6A, p. 1053–1058. .
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Plant part:
Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
Methanol extract of fruit aril (pulp)
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Substance:
coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
isoscopoletin, scopoletin
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Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
-
Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
Coumarins
Composition #21: Salem, AZM., Salem, MZM., El-Adawy, MM., Robinson, PH. Nutritive evaluations of some browse tree foliages during the dry season: Secondary compounds, feed intake and in vivo digestibility in sheep and goats . animal feed science and technology, 2006, vol. 127, no. 3-4, p. 251–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.09.005.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
aqueous acetone (7:3 v/v)
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Substance:
Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) (RF-00004370-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
Unspecified (F598A)
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Result unit:
Gram/kilogram (G015A)
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Result expression:
Dry matter (B002A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
31.6
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Internal remarks:
Condensed tannins (foliages)
Composition #22: Salem, AZM., Salem, MZM., El-Adawy, MM., Robinson, PH. Nutritive evaluations of some browse tree foliages during the dry season: Secondary compounds, feed intake and in vivo digestibility in sheep and goats . animal feed science and technology, 2006, vol. 127, no. 3-4, p. 251–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.09.005.
[
DOI link]
-
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Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
aqueous acetone (7:3 v/v)
-
Substance:
Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
Unspecified (F598A)
-
Result unit:
Gram/kilogram (G015A)
-
Result expression:
Dry matter (B002A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
8.3
-
Internal remarks:
saponins (foliage)
Composition #23: Salem, AZM., Salem, MZM., El-Adawy, MM., Robinson, PH. Nutritive evaluations of some browse tree foliages during the dry season: Secondary compounds, feed intake and in vivo digestibility in sheep and goats . animal feed science and technology, 2006, vol. 127, no. 3-4, p. 251–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.09.005.
[
DOI link]
-
-
Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
aqueous acetone (7:3 v/v)
-
Substance:
Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Unspecified (F598A)
-
Result unit:
Gram/kilogram (G015A)
-
Result expression:
Dry matter (B002A)
-
Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
-
Value (concentration, content):
1.3
-
Internal remarks:
alkaloids (foliage)
Endpoint study
#1: Bhakta, T., Deb, P.K., Bhaumik, K.N., Saha, J. Pharmacognostic investigation, acute toxicity studies and isolation of steroidal compound from the leaves of Cassia fistula Linn. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 2014, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 210–214. .
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Study relevance:
Human health
-
Plant part:
Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
-
Preparation/Extraction method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional plant/substance description:
methanol, water, petrol ether
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Type of toxicological test:
acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
-
-
Tested organism:
House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
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Strain of test organism:
Swiss (CHD005ST)
-
-
Route of exposure:
ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
-
-
Unit of exposure duration:
single (food/feed) (G203A)
-
-
Endpoint measured:
Minimum lethal dose (CHD077EP)
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Concentration unit:
Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
-
-
Critical effect:
NOT REPORTED (TOX17A)
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Effect description:
mortality (only observed at the highest dose tested - 3.5 grams/kg b.w.)
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Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
mortality (CHD010BE)
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Internal remarks:
Acute toxicity in mice
Endpoint study
#2: Pandey, Prabhash K., Singh, Dushyant., Singh, Ranjan., Sinha, Mrityunjay K., Singh, Sangram., Jamal, Farrukh. Cassia fistula seed's trypsin inhibitor(s) as antibiosis agent in Helicoverpa armigera pest management . biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 2016, vol. 6, p. 202–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.04.005.
[
DOI link]
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Study relevance:
Human health
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
-
Additional plant/substance description:
Extraction not specified
-
Type of toxicological test:
in vitro (CHD061TT)
-
-
Route of exposure:
OTHER (OECD0PL)
-
Control groups used:
no data
-
Endpoint measured:
Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
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Critical effect:
Digestive (TOX18A)
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Target tissue:
Digestive (TT002A)
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Effect description:
CFTI-1 and CFTI-2 purified from the seeds exhibited 92% and 78% inhibitory activity against Trypsin enzymes. Ki values = 2.9-4.2 (10-10 M)
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Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
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Internal remarks:
Trypsin inhibitors (seed)
Genotox #1: Mukhopadhyay, MJ., Saha, A., Dutta, A., De, B., Mukherjee, A. Genotoxicity of sennosides on the bone marrow cells of mice. food and chemical toxicology, 1998, vol. 36, no. 11, p. 937–940. DOI: 10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00049-0.
[
DOI link]
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Study category:
Genotoxicity
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Type of toxicological test:
chromosome aberration assay (CHD047TT)
-
-
Guideline used:
No guideline required
-
Tested organism:
House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
-
Strain of test organism:
Swiss (CHD005ST)
-
-
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:
without
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Route of exposure:
ORAL: CAPSULE (OECD2228PL)
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Exposure duration for in vivo:
18.0
-
Unit of exposure duration:
Hour (G099A)
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Number of organisms dosed:
3
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Control groups used:
yes, concurrent vehicle
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Endpoint measured:
chromosome aberration
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Remarks on genotox study:
weak clastogenic effect
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Internal remarks:
Clastogenic effect of leaf and pod extract
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Internal ID:
WOS:000076204100006