EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold // Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex A.DC. // Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum.

Family:: Apocynaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 654
Number of processed references:: 11

Compositions

#1: Thevetins #2: Acetylthevetines #3: Alkaloids #4: Cardiac glycosides (seed)

Endpoint Studies

#1: heart arrhythmia, diarrhoea, death in cows #2: Bradycardia and digestive effects from accidental poisoning (fruit ingestion) in children #3: Nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis and glomerular vacuolation #4: consumption of 2 seeds led to vomiting, hypotension, tachycardia, chest tightness, intense dizziness leading to myocardial infraction and death #5: Oral intake of of dried aqueous extracts of fruit kernels, leaves and stem caused neuromuscular, neuromotor, cardiovascular, psychomotor effects and mortality in rats #6: Acute one-dose assay: tachycardia and tremors in mice #7: Acute three-dose assay: ataxia and paralysis in mice #8: Acute three-dose assay: tachycardia and mortality in mice #9: Sub-chronic assay: necrosis and leukocyte infiltration of heart tissue, and weight loss in mice #10: Prolonged estrous cycle in rats (21 days exposure to glycoside-free leaf extract) #11: Decreased implantation and changes in reproductive hormone levels in rats (8 days exposure to glycoside-free leaf extract) #12: Vomiting, giddiness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, sleepiness/drowsiness, palpitations, altered mentation, chest pain, dyspnoea, bradycardia, irregular heart rate, shock and death #13: Mortality, preceded by cardiovascular effects (9-12 seeds consumed) #14: Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity observed in humans post-mortem (9-12 seeds consumed) #15: Digestive effects in humans (2-12 seeds and/or fruits ingested) #16: Jaundice and neurologic effects in humans (2-4 seeds and/or fruits ingested, no mortality)

Genotoxicity

#1: Chromosomal aberration and inhibition of of mitosis in onion

Composition #1: Kohls, Sarah., Scholz-Boetteher, Barbara M., Teske, Joerg., Rillkoetter, Juergen. Isolation and quantification of six cardiac glycosides from the seeds of Thevetia peruviana provide a basis for toxological survey . indian journal of chemistry section b-organic chemistry including medicinal chemistry, 2015, vol. 54, no. 12, p. 1502–1510. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-hexane, then dichloromethane, then methanol
Substance:

thevetine (RF-00004079-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Thevetine A (12), Thevetine B (43), Thevetine C (9) = total 64%
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Relative percent, as mean value, of cardiac glycosides extracted from seeds
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

64
Internal remarks:

Thevetins

Composition #2: Kohls, Sarah., Scholz-Boetteher, Barbara M., Teske, Joerg., Rillkoetter, Juergen. Isolation and quantification of six cardiac glycosides from the seeds of Thevetia peruviana provide a basis for toxological survey . indian journal of chemistry section b-organic chemistry including medicinal chemistry, 2015, vol. 54, no. 12, p. 1502–1510. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-hexane, then dichloromethane, then methanol
Substance:

thevetine (RF-00004079-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Acetylthevetine A (7%), Acetylthevetine B (25), Acetylthevetine C (5) = total 37%
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Relative percent, as mean value, of cardiac glycosides extracted from seeds
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

37
Internal remarks:

Acetylthevetines

Composition #3: Samanta, Jhuma., Bhattacharya, Snehendu., Rana, Avtar C. Antifertility activity of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum leaf in female Sprague-Dawley rat . indian journal of pharmacology, 2016, vol. 48, no. 6, p. 669–674. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.194861. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Leaves were first defatted, then cardiac glycosides removed, prior to solvent exraction with methanol (to yield a glycoside-free extract)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #4: Gopalakrishnan, Shiv Kumar., Kandasamy, Sangeetha., Isaac, Bensy., Jayasankar, Chandini., Chandru. Oleander toxicity - the clinical spectrum and mortality predictors: an observational study . internet journal of medical update, 2017, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 4–8. DOI: 10.4314/ijmu.v12i1.2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Additional substance description:

thevetin and thevetoxin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides (seed)

Endpoint study #1: Tokarnia, Carlos Hubinger., Armien, Anibal Guillemo., Peixoto, Paul Vargas., Barbosa, Jose Diomedes., Brito, Marilene De Farias., Dobereiner, Jurgen. Experiments on the toxicity of some ornamental plants in cattle. pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 1996, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 5–20. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

14.4
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

heart arrhythmia, diarrhoea, death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

heart arrhythmia, diarrhoea, death in cows

Endpoint study #2: Lucas, G. N. Plant poisoning: A hospital-based study in Sri Lanka. indian journal of pediatrics, 1997, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 495–502. DOI: 10.1007/BF02737755. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Bradycardia, and vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain in 4 children
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

Bradycardia and digestive effects from accidental poisoning (fruit ingestion) in children

Endpoint study #3: Luyckx, V.A. Nephrotoxicity of Alternative Medicine Practice. advances in chronic kidney disease, 2012, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 129–141. DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.04.005. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Acute tubular necrosis in kidney and glomerular vacuolation
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis and glomerular vacuolation

Endpoint study #4: Escobar Román, Raylen., Leiva Acebey, Leonardo., Morales Espinosa, Juan. Intoxicación por Cascabela thevetia (L)Lippold (covadonga). Presentación de un caso . medisur, 2012, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 55–57. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

only 2 seeds consumed as part of a home made decoction.
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

consumption of only 2 seeds as part of a home made decoction led to vomiting, hypotension, tachycardia, chest tightness, intense dizziness leading to myocardial infraction and death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

consumption of 2 seeds led to vomiting, hypotension, tachycardia, chest tightness, intense dizziness leading to myocardial infraction and death

Endpoint study #5: Oji, O., Okafor, QE. Toxicological studies on stem bark, leaf and seed kernel of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) . phytotherapy research, 2000, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 133–135. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<133::AID-PTR598>3.0.CO;2-K. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

distilled water extract of fruit kernels, leaves, and stem - dried and mixed into bait
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Meal (G109A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

neuromuscular (twitching, clonic movements, tremor, ataxia); neuromotor (neck and limb paralysis); cardiovascular (cardiac arrhythmia, tachycardia); psychomotor (mental disturbances, restlessness, confusion) and death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Oral intake of of dried aqueous extracts of fruit kernels, leaves and stem caused neuromuscular, neuromotor, cardiovascular, psychomotor effects and mortality in rats

Endpoint study #6: Marroquin-Segura, Ruben., Calvillo-Esparza, Ricardo., Alfredo Mora-Guevara, Jose Luis., Horacio Tovalin-Ahumada, Jose., Aguilar-Contreras, Abigail., Jesus Hernandez-Abad, Vicente. Increased acetylcholine esterase activity produced by the administration of an aqueous extract of the seed kernel of Thevetia peruviana and its role on acute and subchronic intoxication in mice . pharmacognosy magazine, 2014, vol. 10, no. 37, p. S171–S175. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127370. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Distilled Water
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

CD-1 (CHD003ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Tachycardia from 10-20 minutes after single dose treatment, also fine body tremors and pilomotor erection, and increased serum ceruloplasmin
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute one-dose assay: tachycardia and tremors in mice

Endpoint study #7: Marroquin-Segura, Ruben., Calvillo-Esparza, Ricardo., Alfredo Mora-Guevara, Jose Luis., Horacio Tovalin-Ahumada, Jose., Aguilar-Contreras, Abigail., Jesus Hernandez-Abad, Vicente. Increased acetylcholine esterase activity produced by the administration of an aqueous extract of the seed kernel of Thevetia peruviana and its role on acute and subchronic intoxication in mice . pharmacognosy magazine, 2014, vol. 10, no. 37, p. S171–S175. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127370. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Distilled Water
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

CD-1 (CHD003ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

18
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

150
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Ataxia, paralysis and increased acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute three-dose assay: ataxia and paralysis in mice

Endpoint study #8: Marroquin-Segura, Ruben., Calvillo-Esparza, Ricardo., Alfredo Mora-Guevara, Jose Luis., Horacio Tovalin-Ahumada, Jose., Aguilar-Contreras, Abigail., Jesus Hernandez-Abad, Vicente. Increased acetylcholine esterase activity produced by the administration of an aqueous extract of the seed kernel of Thevetia peruviana and its role on acute and subchronic intoxication in mice . pharmacognosy magazine, 2014, vol. 10, no. 37, p. S171–S175. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127370. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Distilled Water
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

CD-1 (CHD003ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

18
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

150
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Tachycardia and mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute three-dose assay: tachycardia and mortality in mice

Endpoint study #9: Marroquin-Segura, Ruben., Calvillo-Esparza, Ricardo., Alfredo Mora-Guevara, Jose Luis., Horacio Tovalin-Ahumada, Jose., Aguilar-Contreras, Abigail., Jesus Hernandez-Abad, Vicente. Increased acetylcholine esterase activity produced by the administration of an aqueous extract of the seed kernel of Thevetia peruviana and its role on acute and subchronic intoxication in mice . pharmacognosy magazine, 2014, vol. 10, no. 37, p. S171–S175. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127370. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Distilled Water
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

CD-1 (CHD003ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

50
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Necrosis and leukocyte infiltration of heart tissue, also body weight loss
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Sub-chronic assay: necrosis and leukocyte infiltration of heart tissue, and weight loss in mice

Endpoint study #10: Samanta, Jhuma., Bhattacharya, Snehendu., Rana, Avtar C. Antifertility activity of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum leaf in female Sprague-Dawley rat . indian journal of pharmacology, 2016, vol. 48, no. 6, p. 669–674. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.194861. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Leaves were first defatted, then cardiac glycosides removed, prior to solvent exraction with methanol (to yield a glycoside-free extract)
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

21.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

250-500
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Vagina (TT053A)
Effect description:

Prolonged estrous cycles and changes in estrous phase lengths as measured by vaginal smear counts
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Prolonged estrous cycle in rats (21 days exposure to glycoside-free leaf extract)

Endpoint study #11: Samanta, Jhuma., Bhattacharya, Snehendu., Rana, Avtar C. Antifertility activity of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum leaf in female Sprague-Dawley rat . indian journal of pharmacology, 2016, vol. 48, no. 6, p. 669–674. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.194861. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Leaves were first defatted, then cardiac glycosides removed, prior to solvent exraction with methanol (to yield a glycoside-free extract)
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

250-500
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Decreased implantation (fewer implants) and changes in serum reproductive hormone levels throughout gestation (estradiol and progesterone)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Decreased implantation and changes in reproductive hormone levels in rats (8 days exposure to glycoside-free leaf extract)

Endpoint study #12: Gopalakrishnan, Shiv Kumar., Kandasamy, Sangeetha., Isaac, Bensy., Jayasankar, Chandini., Chandru. Oleander toxicity - the clinical spectrum and mortality predictors: an observational study . internet journal of medical update, 2017, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 4–8. DOI: 10.4314/ijmu.v12i1.2. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

seeds consumed as whole
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

Consumption of 3 or more seeds reported to result in vomiting, giddiness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, sleepiness/drowsiness, palpitations, altered mentation, chest pain, dyspnoea, bradycardia, irregular heart rate, shock and death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Vomiting, giddiness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, sleepiness/drowsiness, palpitations, altered mentation, chest pain, dyspnoea, bradycardia, irregular heart rate, shock and death

Endpoint study #13: SAMAL, KK., SAHU, HK., GOPALAKRISHNAKONE, P. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THEVETIA-PERUVIANA (YELLOW OLEANDER) POISONING . journal of wilderness medicine, 1992, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 382–386. DOI: 10.1580/0953-9859-3.4.382. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Mortality, preceded by low pulse rate and blood pressure. Also generalized venous dilation and subendocardial hemorrhage (9-12 seeds consumed by 3 of the 6 patients, others unknown)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality, preceded by cardiovascular effects (9-12 seeds consumed)

Endpoint study #14: SAMAL, KK., SAHU, HK., GOPALAKRISHNAKONE, P. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THEVETIA-PERUVIANA (YELLOW OLEANDER) POISONING . journal of wilderness medicine, 1992, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 382–386. DOI: 10.1580/0953-9859-3.4.382. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Focal necrosis, dilation of central veins, and hemorrhagic areas in liver. Anuria, and renal tubular necrosis and vaculated areas of the glomerular space. (9-12 seeds consumed by 3 of the 6 patients, others unknown)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity observed in humans post-mortem (9-12 seeds consumed)

Endpoint study #15: SAMAL, KK., SAHU, HK., GOPALAKRISHNAKONE, P. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THEVETIA-PERUVIANA (YELLOW OLEANDER) POISONING . journal of wilderness medicine, 1992, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 382–386. DOI: 10.1580/0953-9859-3.4.382. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Additional plant/substance description:

Seeds and/or fruits were consumed
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

16
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food efficiency (CHD021BE)
Internal remarks:

Digestive effects in humans (2-12 seeds and/or fruits ingested)

Endpoint study #16: SAMAL, KK., SAHU, HK., GOPALAKRISHNAKONE, P. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THEVETIA-PERUVIANA (YELLOW OLEANDER) POISONING . journal of wilderness medicine, 1992, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 382–386. DOI: 10.1580/0953-9859-3.4.382. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Additional plant/substance description:

Seeds and/or fruits were consumed
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

Jaundice (hemolytic type), abnormal bilirubin, fever. Drowsiness, extensor plantar reflexes, and pupil dilation/constriction.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Jaundice and neurologic effects in humans (2-4 seeds and/or fruits ingested, no mortality)

Genotox #1: Murugan, K. Genotoxic assessment of seed extracts of Thevetia peruviana pers. and Cerbera odollam gaertn. using chromosome aberration study . journal of phytological research, 2005, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 121–128. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

chromosome aberration assay (CHD047TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Other (A07XE)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Tests using aqueous seed extracts showed chromosomal aberration in onions - at high dose significantly inhibited cellular division of onion cells
Internal remarks:

Chromosomal aberration and inhibition of of mitosis in onion
Internal ID:

BCI:BCI200600529744