EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand

Family:: Apocyanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1825
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Saponins #2: Cyclic pentapeptides #3: Tannins #4: calotropin #5: calactin #6: voruscharin, 2´´-oxovoruscharin #7: Calotoxin #8: Uscharidin #9: Calotropin #10: Uscharin #11: Calotropins in latex #12: alkaloids in flowers #13: uscharin

Endpoint Studies

#1: gastrointestinal symptoms and metabolic acidosis #2: acute toxicity - slight behavioral changes #3: oral tolerance test - immunological reaction

Genotoxicity

#1: Uscharin may have a genotoxic potentials showing a significant increases in chromosomal aberrations

Composition #1: Juca, Thiago Lustosa., Ramos, Marcio Viana., Moreno, Frederico Bruno Mendes Batista., Viana de Matos, Mayara Patricia., Marinho-Filho, Jose Delano Barreto., Moreira, Renato Azevedo., Monteiro-Moreira, Ana Cristina de Oliveira. Insights on the phytochemical profile (cyclopeptides) and biological activities of Calotropis procera latex organic fractions. scientific world journal, 2013, vol. 615454/1-615454/9, p. 10 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

water + solvent extraction
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Infrared spectroscopy, NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #2: Juca, Thiago Lustosa., Ramos, Marcio Viana., Moreno, Frederico Bruno Mendes Batista., Viana de Matos, Mayara Patricia., Marinho-Filho, Jose Delano Barreto., Moreira, Renato Azevedo., Monteiro-Moreira, Ana Cristina de Oliveira. Insights on the phytochemical profile (cyclopeptides) and biological activities of Calotropis procera latex organic fractions. scientific world journal, 2013, vol. 615454/1-615454/9, p. 10 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

water + solvent extraction
Substance:

Cyclic pentapeptides Cyclic pentapeptides (RF-00010842-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Infrared spectroscopy, NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cyclic pentapeptides

Composition #3: Juca, Thiago Lustosa., Ramos, Marcio Viana., Moreno, Frederico Bruno Mendes Batista., Viana de Matos, Mayara Patricia., Marinho-Filho, Jose Delano Barreto., Moreira, Renato Azevedo., Monteiro-Moreira, Ana Cristina de Oliveira. Insights on the phytochemical profile (cyclopeptides) and biological activities of Calotropis procera latex organic fractions. scientific world journal, 2013, vol. 615454/1-615454/9, p. 10 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

water + solvent extraction
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Infrared spectroscopy, NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #4: Newman, R.A., Yang, P., Pawlus, A.D., Block, K.I. Cardiac glycosides as novel cancer therapeutic agents. molecular interventions, 2008, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 36–49. DOI: 10.1124/mi.8.1.8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Calotropin (RF-00011271-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calotropin

Composition #5: Newman, R.A., Yang, P., Pawlus, A.D., Block, K.I. Cardiac glycosides as novel cancer therapeutic agents. molecular interventions, 2008, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 36–49. DOI: 10.1124/mi.8.1.8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

cardenolide glycosides cardenolide glycosides (RF-00004348-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calactin

Composition #6: Newman, R.A., Yang, P., Pawlus, A.D., Block, K.I. Cardiac glycosides as novel cancer therapeutic agents. molecular interventions, 2008, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 36–49. DOI: 10.1124/mi.8.1.8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Additional substance description:

voruscharin, 2´´-oxovoruscharin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

voruscharin, 2´´-oxovoruscharin

Composition #7: Crout, D.H.G., Hassall, C.H., Jones, T.L. Cardenolides. Part VI.1 Uscharidin, calotropin, and calotoxin. journal of the chemical society (resumed), 1964, p. 2175–2187. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

solvent extraction
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Calotoxin
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, TLC, GC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Calotoxin

Composition #8: Crout, D.H.G., Hassall, C.H., Jones, T.L. Cardenolides. Part VI.1 Uscharidin, calotropin, and calotoxin. journal of the chemical society (resumed), 1964, p. 2175–2187. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

solvent extraction
Substance:

uscharidin (RF-00011419-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, TLC, GC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Uscharidin

Composition #9: Crout, D.H.G., Hassall, C.H., Jones, T.L. Cardenolides. Part VI.1 Uscharidin, calotropin, and calotoxin. journal of the chemical society (resumed), 1964, p. 2175–2187. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

solvent extraction
Substance:

Calotropin (RF-00011271-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, TLC, GC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Calotropin

Composition #10: Abdel-Samad, M.F., Hassanane, M.M. Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials of Uscharin in male albino mice. world applied sciences journal, 2014, vol. 31, no. 6, p. 1020–1024. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.31.06.8398. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Uscharin (RF-00011132-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Uscharin

Composition #11: Mishra, A.K., George, A., Devakiruba, N.S., Sathyendra, S. A rare case of calotropis poisoning. indian journal of forensic medicine and toxicology, 2015, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 62–64. DOI: 10.5958/0973-9130.2015.00074.2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Calotropins (RF-00010794-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Calotropins in latex

Composition #12: Aggarwal, Rama., Kaur, Kiranjeet., Suri, Mansi., Bagai, Upma. Anthelmintic potential of Calotropis procera, Azadirachta indica and Punica granatum against Gastrothylax indicus. . journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the indian society for parasitology, 2016, vol. 40, no. 4, p. 1230–1238. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol, water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Mayer´s test, Hager´s test, Dragendroff´s test
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in flowers

Composition #13: Kushwaha, Veena B., Singh, Aradhana. Effect of Uscharin on the Reproduction of the Snail Lymnaea acuminata.. world journal of zoology, 2010, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 15–19. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Additional extraction description:

extracted with hexane, diethylether and chloroform
Substance:

Uscharin (RF-00011132-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

uscharin

Endpoint study #1: Mishra, A.K., George, A., Devakiruba, N.S., Sathyendra, S. A rare case of calotropis poisoning. indian journal of forensic medicine and toxicology, 2015, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 62–64. DOI: 10.5958/0973-9130.2015.00074.2. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Minute (G074A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millilitre (G156A)
Effect concentration:

5-6
Target tissue:

digestive: Stomach (TT027A)
Effect description:

vomiting, metabolic acidosis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

gastrointestinal symptoms and metabolic acidosis

Endpoint study #2: Bezerra, Camila F., Mota, Erika F., Silva, Ana Claudia M., Tome, Adriana R., Silva, Maria Z. R., de Brito, Daniel., Porfirio, Camila T. M. N., Oliveira, Ariclecio C., Lima-Filho, Jose V., Ramos, Marcio V. Latex proteins from Calotropis procera: Toxicity and immunological tolerance revisited . chemico-biological interactions, 2017, vol. 274, p. 138–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.007. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

5000
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

hypothermia, abdominal contortions, stretching
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

behaviour (CHD001BE)
Internal remarks:

acute toxicity - slight behavioral changes

Endpoint study #3: Bezerra, Camila F., Mota, Erika F., Silva, Ana Claudia M., Tome, Adriana R., Silva, Maria Z. R., de Brito, Daniel., Porfirio, Camila T. M. N., Oliveira, Ariclecio C., Lima-Filho, Jose V., Ramos, Marcio V. Latex proteins from Calotropis procera: Toxicity and immunological tolerance revisited . chemico-biological interactions, 2017, vol. 274, p. 138–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.007. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Latex (as part-nature) (A166S)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Balb/c (CHD002ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

11.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Maximum Tolerated Dose (CHD042EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

10
Critical effect:

IMMUNOTOXICITY (TOX09A)
Effect description:

lowering of IgE and IgG in the serum, IL-4 and IFN-g in spleen homogenates and the absence of anaphylaxis signs
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

immunology (CHD026BE)
Internal remarks:

oral tolerance test - immunological reaction

Genotox #1: Abdel-Samad, M.F., Hassanane, M.M. Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials of Uscharin in male albino mice. world applied sciences journal, 2014, vol. 31, no. 6, p. 1020–1024. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.31.06.8398. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test (CHD032TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Mammals (as animal) (A056H)
Strain of test organism:

bone marrow (CHD045ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

24.48
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

significant increases in chromosomal aberrations
Internal remarks:

Uscharin may have a genotoxic potentials showing a significant increases in chromosomal aberrations
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-84897047537