EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Ait.

Family:: Apocyanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 938
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Cardiac glycosides in latex #2: Calcium oxalate ,in latex #3: alkaloids #4: cardiac glycosides #5: Tannins #6: saponins #7: Coumarins #8: Saponins #9: Calotropin #10: Frugoside #11: cardenolides in leaves #12: lignans in leaves #13: cardenolides in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: postcoital contraceptive activity and postimplantation resorbing activity

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Murti, P.B.R., Seshadri, T.R. Chemical composition of Calotropis gigantea - Part I. Wax and resin components of the latex. proceedings of the indian academy of sciences - section a, 1943, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 145–159. DOI: 10.1007/BF03051268. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Alcohol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in latex
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides in latex

Composition #2: Murti, P.B.R., Seshadri, T.R. Chemical composition of Calotropis gigantea - Part I. Wax and resin components of the latex. proceedings of the indian academy of sciences - section a, 1943, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 145–159. DOI: 10.1007/BF03051268. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Alcohol
Substance:

Calcium oxalate (RF-00003960-PAR)
Additional substance description:

calcium oxalate in latex
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1
Internal remarks:

Calcium oxalate ,in latex

Composition #3: Ghule, S.D., Vidyasagar, G., Bhandari, A., Sharma, P., Gunjal, A.P. CNS activity of leaves extract of Calotropis gigantea. asian pacific journal of tropical disease, 2014, vol. 4, no. S2, p. S902–S905. DOI: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60755-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ether, chloroform and ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids

Composition #4: Ghule, S.D., Vidyasagar, G., Bhandari, A., Sharma, P., Gunjal, A.P. CNS activity of leaves extract of Calotropis gigantea. asian pacific journal of tropical disease, 2014, vol. 4, no. S2, p. S902–S905. DOI: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60755-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ether, chloroform and ethanol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cardiac glycosides

Composition #5: Ghule, S.D., Vidyasagar, G., Bhandari, A., Sharma, P., Gunjal, A.P. CNS activity of leaves extract of Calotropis gigantea. asian pacific journal of tropical disease, 2014, vol. 4, no. S2, p. S902–S905. DOI: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60755-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ether, chloroform and ethanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #6: Ghule, S.D., Vidyasagar, G., Bhandari, A., Sharma, P., Gunjal, A.P. CNS activity of leaves extract of Calotropis gigantea. asian pacific journal of tropical disease, 2014, vol. 4, no. S2, p. S902–S905. DOI: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60755-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ether, chloroform and ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #7: Hasballah, K., Murniana., Erya., Ardian. Cytotoxic bioactive compounds from calotropis gigantea stem bark. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2016, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 111–115. DOI: 10.22159/ijpps.2016.v8i9.12430. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-hexane
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins

Composition #8: Hasballah, K., Murniana., Erya., Ardian. Cytotoxic bioactive compounds from calotropis gigantea stem bark. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2016, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 111–115. DOI: 10.22159/ijpps.2016.v8i9.12430. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #9: Kiuchi, F., Fukao, Y., Maruyama, T., Obata, T., Tanaka, M., Sasaki, T., Mikage, M., Haque, ME., Tsuda, Y. Cytotoxic principles of a Bangladeshi crude drug, akond mul (roots of Calotropis gigantea L.) . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1998, vol. 46, no. 3, p. 528–530. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Calotropin (RF-00011271-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Calotropin

Composition #10: Kiuchi, F., Fukao, Y., Maruyama, T., Obata, T., Tanaka, M., Sasaki, T., Mikage, M., Haque, ME., Tsuda, Y. Cytotoxic principles of a Bangladeshi crude drug, akond mul (roots of Calotropis gigantea L.) . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1998, vol. 46, no. 3, p. 528–530. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Frugosides (RF-00010793-PAR)
Additional substance description:

frugoside and frugoside derivatives
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Frugoside

Composition #11: Lhinhatrakool, Thitima., Sutthivaiyakit, Somyote. 19-Nor- and 18,20-epoxy-cardenolides from the leaves of Calotropis gigantea . journal of natural products, 2006, vol. 69, no. 8, p. 1249–1251. DOI: 10.1021/np060249f. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Dichlormethane
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

calotropin and derivatives, calactins and derivatives, uzarigenin
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, HRESIMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cardenolides in leaves

Composition #12: Lhinhatrakool, Thitima., Sutthivaiyakit, Somyote. 19-Nor- and 18,20-epoxy-cardenolides from the leaves of Calotropis gigantea . journal of natural products, 2006, vol. 69, no. 8, p. 1249–1251. DOI: 10.1021/np060249f. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Dichlormethane
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

medioresinol, pinoresinol, salicifoliol
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, HRESIMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lignans in leaves

Composition #13: Seeka, Chonticha., Sutthivaiyakit, Somyote. Cytotoxic Cardenolides from the Leaves of Calotropis gigantea. chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2010, vol. 58, no. 5, p. 725–728. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane, dichlormethan, methanol
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

13 cardenolides isolated from the leaves
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

CC, reversed phase CC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cardenolides in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Srivastava, Shobha Rani., Keshri, Govind., Bhargavan, Biju., Singh, Chandan., Singh, Man Mohan. Pregnancy interceptive activity of the roots of Calotropis gigantea Linn. in rats . contraception, 2007, vol. 75, no. 4, p. 318–322. DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2006.11.010. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

h 95% ethano
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Female
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

12.5
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

postcoital contraceptive activity and postimplantation resorbing activity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

postcoital contraceptive activity and postimplantation resorbing activity