EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Asarum europaeum L.

Family:: Aristolochiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 220
Number of processed references:: 11

Compositions

#1: asarone #2: asarylaldehyde #3: Methyleugenol #4: chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acid #5: L-fucose and D-fructose specific lectins have been identified in the leaves in spring #6: isoquercitrin #7: Eugenol in leaves #8: Beta-asarone in roots #9: Beta-asarone in leaves #10: beta-asarone in rhizomes #11: alpha-asarone in rhizomes #12: Safrole in entire plant. #13: beta-asarone in essential oil from aerial parts #14: methyleugenol in essential oil from aerial parts #15: alpha-asarone in essential oil from aerial parts #16: Aristolochic acid in Asarum europaeum #17: Trans-isomethyleugenol from the rhizomes.

Endpoint Studies

#1: Neurotoxicity

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Bruckner, Viktor., Szeki, Tibor. Composition of asarum oil. journal fuer praktische chemie (leipzig), 1932, vol. 134, p. 107–40. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

asarone (RF-00003698-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

30-35
Internal remarks:

asarone

Composition #2: Bruckner, Viktor., Szeki, Tibor. Composition of asarum oil. journal fuer praktische chemie (leipzig), 1932, vol. 134, p. 107–40. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Benzaldehyde (RF-00008323-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Asarylaldehyde (2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2-3
Internal remarks:

asarylaldehyde

Composition #3: Bruckner, Viktor., Szeki, Tibor. Composition of asarum oil. journal fuer praktische chemie (leipzig), 1932, vol. 134, p. 107–40. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

methyleugenol (RF-00003931-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

15-20
Internal remarks:

Methyleugenol

Composition #4: Gracza, Lajos., Csizer, Eva U. The active principles of Asarum europaeum. V. Aromatic hydroxy carboxylic acids. magyar kemiai folyoirat, 1965, vol. 71, no. 6, p. 242–4. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Chlorogenic acid (RF-00010714-PAR)
Additional substance description:

chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acid
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acid

Composition #5: Antonyuk, V. A., Lutsik, M. D., Ladnaya, L. Ya. Seasonal variations in hemagglutination titers and affinity to carbohydrates of plant extracts containing fucose-specific lectins. fiziologiya rastenii (moscow), 1982, vol. 29, no. 6, p. 1219–24. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

D-fructose and L-fucose specific lectins in spring
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

L-fucose and D-fructose specific lectins have been identified in the leaves in spring

Composition #6: Rzadkowska-Bodalska, H., Bieganowska, M. L., Cisowski, W. Chromatographic analysis of flavonoid fraction of Asarum europaeum L. herb and roots. herba polonica, 1987, vol. 33, no. 3, p. 167–73. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Isoquercitrin (RF-00010712-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoquercitrin

Composition #7: Galambosi, Bertalan., Galambosi, Zsuzsanna Sz., Hethelyi, Eva B., Szoke, Eva. The leaf and root yield and essential oil content of the round-leaved Asarum (Asarum europaeum L.) in South Finland. olaj, szappan, kozmetika, 2009, vol. 58(1-2), p. 12–16. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

14.4
Internal remarks:

Eugenol in leaves

Composition #8: Galambosi, Bertalan., Galambosi, Zsuzsanna Sz., Hethelyi, Eva B., Szoke, Eva. The leaf and root yield and essential oil content of the round-leaved Asarum (Asarum europaeum L.) in South Finland. olaj, szappan, kozmetika, 2009, vol. 58(1-2), p. 12–16. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

beta-asarone (RF-00003708-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

69.9
Internal remarks:

Beta-asarone in roots

Composition #9: Galambosi, Bertalan., Galambosi, Zsuzsanna Sz., Hethelyi, Eva B., Szoke, Eva. The leaf and root yield and essential oil content of the round-leaved Asarum (Asarum europaeum L.) in South Finland. olaj, szappan, kozmetika, 2009, vol. 58(1-2), p. 12–16. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

beta-asarone (RF-00003708-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.5
Internal remarks:

Beta-asarone in leaves

Composition #10: Oprean, R., Tamas, M., Roman, L. Comparison of GC-MS and TLC techniques for asarone isomers determination. journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 1998, vol. 18, no. 1-2, p. 227–234. DOI: 10.1016/S0731-7085(98)00161-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

beta-asarone (RF-00003708-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in rhizomes
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC-MS and TLC
Result unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

26.2-28
Internal remarks:

beta-asarone in rhizomes

Composition #11: Oprean, R., Tamas, M., Roman, L. Comparison of GC-MS and TLC techniques for asarone isomers determination. journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 1998, vol. 18, no. 1-2, p. 227–234. DOI: 10.1016/S0731-7085(98)00161-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

asarone (RF-00003698-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-asarone in rhizomes
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC-MS and TLC
Result unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

485-489
Internal remarks:

alpha-asarone in rhizomes

Composition #12: Stuppner, H., Ganzera, M. Determination of safrole in different Asarum species by headspace gas chromatography . chromatographia, 1998, vol. 47, no. 11-12, p. 685–688. DOI: 10.1007/BF02467454. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dichloromethane
Substance:

Safrole (RF-00003651-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HS-GC and GC.
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.017-0.021
Internal remarks:

Safrole in entire plant.

Composition #13: Wilczewska, Agnieszka Z., Ulman, Magdalena., Chilmonczyk, Zdzislaw., Maj, Jadwiga., Koprowicz, Tomasz., Tomczyk, Michal., Tomczykowa, Monika. Comparison of volatile constituents of Acorus calamus and Asarum europaeum obtained by different techniques . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 5, p. 390–395. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

beta-asarone (RF-00003708-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(Z)-asarone
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.3
Internal remarks:

beta-asarone in essential oil from aerial parts

Composition #14: Wilczewska, Agnieszka Z., Ulman, Magdalena., Chilmonczyk, Zdzislaw., Maj, Jadwiga., Koprowicz, Tomasz., Tomczyk, Michal., Tomczykowa, Monika. Comparison of volatile constituents of Acorus calamus and Asarum europaeum obtained by different techniques . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 5, p. 390–395. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

methyleugenol (RF-00003931-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.2
Internal remarks:

methyleugenol in essential oil from aerial parts

Composition #15: Wilczewska, Agnieszka Z., Ulman, Magdalena., Chilmonczyk, Zdzislaw., Maj, Jadwiga., Koprowicz, Tomasz., Tomczyk, Michal., Tomczykowa, Monika. Comparison of volatile constituents of Acorus calamus and Asarum europaeum obtained by different techniques . journal of essential oil research, 2008, vol. 20, no. 5, p. 390–395. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

asarone (RF-00003698-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(E)-asarone
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

59.1
Internal remarks:

alpha-asarone in essential oil from aerial parts

Composition #16: Nitzsche, Dana., Melzig, Matthias F., Arlt, Volker M. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of aristolochic acid I - A component of Aristolochiaceae plant extracts used in homeopathy . environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 2013, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 325–334. DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.01.007. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Aristolochia (RF-00000498-VET)
Additional substance description:

aristolochic acid
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Aristolochic acid in Asarum europaeum

Composition #17: GRACZA, L. THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF ASARUM-EUROPAEUM .16. THE LOCAL-ANESTHETIC ACTIVITY OF THE PHENYLPROPANOIDS . planta medica, 1983, vol. 48, no. 3, p. 153–157. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-969912. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

methyleugenol (RF-00003931-PAR)
Additional substance description:

trans-isomethyleugenol
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Trans-isomethyleugenol from the rhizomes.

Endpoint study #1: Brandle, W., Gurtner, B., Wegmann, T. Hemiparesis in an abortion attempt with hazelwort tea decoction (Asarum europaeum) . . praxis, 1969, vol. 58, no. 27, p. 868–9. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

infusion/ decoction
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

neurotoxicity and hemiplegia + vomiting
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurotoxicity