EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Arundo donax L.

Family:: Poaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1747
Number of processed references:: 10

Compositions

#1: Donaxarine (indole alkaloid) in leaves #2: Phenolic alkaloid in leaves #3: Donaxaridine and Donaxarine ( indole alkaloids) #4: Syringaresinol in rhizomes #5: Alpha-asarone in rhizomes #6: benzaldehyde derivatives in rhizomes #7: Bufotenine in aerial parts #8: Donaxamine (indole alkaloid) in aerial parts #9: carboline alkaloid in roots #10: Arundavine (indole alkaloid) in roots #11: Arundarine (indole alkaloid) in roots #12: Donasine in roots #13: 1H-indole in aerial parts #14: 3-methyl indole in aerial parts #15: gramine in aerial parts #16: Gramine in shoots

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Madinaveitia, J. The alkaloids of Arundo donax L.. journal of the chemical society (resumed), 1937, p. 1927–1929. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Alcohol and Ether
Substance:

indole alkaloids (RF-00004503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Donaxarine
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Donaxarine (indole alkaloid) in leaves

Composition #2: Madinaveitia, J. The alkaloids of Arundo donax L.. journal of the chemical society (resumed), 1937, p. 1927–1929. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Alcohol and Ether
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Unknown/unidentified alkaloid with phenolic properties and large proportions of active hydrogen
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phenolic alkaloid in leaves

Composition #3: Rhuzhaev, V.U., Tashkhodzhaev, B., Aripova, S.F. Alkaloids of Arundo donax. III. Reconsideration of the structures of donaxarine and donaxaridine. chemistry of natural compounds, 1995, vol. 31, no. 5, p. 604–609. DOI: 10.1007/BF01164889. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Chloroform
Substance:

indole alkaloids (RF-00004503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Donaxaridine and Donaxarine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: IR spec, Mass Spec, PMR spec, UV spec, and X-ray Structural Analysis
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Donaxaridine and Donaxarine ( indole alkaloids)

Composition #4: Liu, Q.-R., Li, J., Zhao, X.-F., Xu, B., Peng, W.-D., Li, S.-X. Studies on constituents from rhizome of Arundo donax. chinese traditional and herbal drugs, 2016, vol. 47, no. 7, p. 1084–1089. DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2016.07.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

syringaresinol (RF-00011386-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Syringaresinol in rhizomes

Composition #5: Liu, Q.-R., Li, J., Zhao, X.-F., Xu, B., Peng, W.-D., Li, S.-X. Studies on constituents from rhizome of Arundo donax. chinese traditional and herbal drugs, 2016, vol. 47, no. 7, p. 1084–1089. DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2016.07.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

asarone (RF-00003698-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-asarone
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alpha-asarone in rhizomes

Composition #6: Liu, Q.-R., Li, J., Zhao, X.-F., Xu, B., Peng, W.-D., Li, S.-X. Studies on constituents from rhizome of Arundo donax. chinese traditional and herbal drugs, 2016, vol. 47, no. 7, p. 1084–1089. DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2016.07.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Benzaldehyde (RF-00008323-PAR)
Additional substance description:

benzaldehyde derivatives
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

benzaldehyde derivatives in rhizomes

Composition #7: Zhalolov, I., Khuzhaev, VU., Levkovich, MG., Aripova, SF. Alkaloids of Arundo donax. VIII. 3-alkylindole derivatives in A-donax. chemistry of natural compounds, 2000, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 528–530. DOI: 10.1023/A:1002808111360. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

bufotenine (RF-00003718-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: IR spec, Mass spec, and PMR spec
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Bufotenine in aerial parts

Composition #8: Zhalolov, I., Khuzhaev, VU., Levkovich, MG., Aripova, SF. Alkaloids of Arundo donax. VIII. 3-alkylindole derivatives in A-donax. chemistry of natural compounds, 2000, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 528–530. DOI: 10.1023/A:1002808111360. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

indole alkaloids (RF-00004503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

donaxamine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: IR spec, Mass spec, and PMR spec
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Donaxamine (indole alkaloid) in aerial parts

Composition #9: Zhalolov, IZ., Khuzhaev, VU., Turgunov, KK., Tashkhodzhaev, B., Aripova, SF. Alkaloids of Arundo donax. XIV. Crystal and molecular structure of N-methyl-tetrahydro-beta-carboline . chemistry of natural compounds, 2003, vol. 39, no. 3, p. 289–291. DOI: 10.1023/A:1025430804529. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Chloroform (CHCl3)
Substance:

carboline alkaloids (RF-00004384-PAR)
Additional substance description:

N-methyl-tetrahydro-beta-carboline
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: IR, MS, PMR, and X-ray Structure Analysis
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

carboline alkaloid in roots

Composition #10: Khuzhaev, VU., Zhalolov, I., Turgunov, KK., Tashkhodzhaev, B., Levkovich, MG., Aripova, SF., Shashkov, AS. Alkaloids from Arundo donax. XVI. Structure of the new dimeric indole alkaloid arundavine . chemistry of natural compounds, 2004, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 261–265. DOI: 10.1023/B:CONC.0000039137.90280.dc. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Benzene, chloroform and CHCl3:CH3OH
Substance:

indole alkaloids (RF-00004503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Arundavine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: UV spec, IR spec, Mass spec, and X-ray Structure Analysis
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Arundavine (indole alkaloid) in roots

Composition #11: Khuzhaev, VU., Zhalolov, IZ., Levkovich, MG., Aripova, SF., Shashkov, AS. Alkaloids of Arundo donax L. 15. A new dimeric indole alkaloid arundarine from the roots of Arundo donax L. . russian chemical bulletin, 2004, vol. 53, no. 8, p. 1765–1767. DOI: 10.1007/s11172-005-0033-x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Chloroform
Substance:

indole alkaloids (RF-00004503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Arundarine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: IR spec, Mass Spec, NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Arundarine (indole alkaloid) in roots

Composition #12: Jia, A. -L., Ding, X. -Q., Chen, D. -L., Chao, Z. -Z., Liu, Z. -Y., Chao, R. -B. A new indole alkaloid from Arundo donax L.. journal of asian natural products research, 2008, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 105–109. DOI: 10.1080/10286020600882452. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

80% ethanol
Substance:

donasine (RF-00004280-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: UV spec, IR spec, HREIMS, and X-ray crystal diffraction
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Donasine in roots

Composition #13: Hong, Y., Hu, H. Y., Sakoda, A., Sagehashi, M. Isolation and characterization of antialgal allelochemicals from Arundo donax L. . allelopathy journal, 2010, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 357–367. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Indole (RF-00008427-PAR)
Additional substance description:

1H-indole
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

1H-indole in aerial parts

Composition #14: Hong, Y., Hu, H. Y., Sakoda, A., Sagehashi, M. Isolation and characterization of antialgal allelochemicals from Arundo donax L. . allelopathy journal, 2010, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 357–367. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

3-Methylindole (RF-00008532-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

3-methyl indole in aerial parts

Composition #15: Hong, Y., Hu, H. Y., Sakoda, A., Sagehashi, M. Isolation and characterization of antialgal allelochemicals from Arundo donax L. . allelopathy journal, 2010, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 357–367. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

gramine (RF-00003411-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

gramine in aerial parts

Composition #16: Kokubo, Yu., Nishizaka, Miho., Ube, Naoki., Yabuta, Yukinori., Tebayashi, Shin-ichi., Ueno, Kotomi., Taketa, Shin., Ishihara, Atsushi. Distribution of the tryptophan pathway-derived defensive secondary metabolites gramine and benzoxazinones in Poaceae . bioscience biotechnology and biochemistry, 2017, vol. 81, no. 3, p. 431–440. DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1256758. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Shoot (as part-nature) (A067T)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

gramine (RF-00003411-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS/MS (F027A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: NMR spec
Result unit:

Millimole/kilogram (G070A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0173
Internal remarks:

Gramine in shoots