EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 191
Number of processed references:: 14

Compositions

#1: 1,8-cineole in aerial parts #2: artemisia ketone in aerial parts #3: camphor in aerial parts #4: 1,8-cineole in leaves #5: Camphor in leaves #6: Beta-thujone in leaves #7: Artemisia ketone in leaves #8: Alpha-thujone in leaves #9: 1,8-cineole in leaves #10: coumarins in leaves #11: 1,8-cineole in aerial parts #12: artemisia ketone in aerial parts #13: alpha-thujone in aerial parts #14: camphor in aerial parts #15: myrcene in aerial parts #16: scopoletin in leaves #17: 1,8-cineole in aerial parts #18: alpha and beta-thujone in aerial parts #19: artemisia ketone in aerial parts #20: camphor in aerial parts #21: beta-thujone in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant) #22: 1,8-cineole in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant) #23: artemisia ketone in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant) #24: piperitone in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant) #25: alpha-thujone in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant) #26: camphor in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant) #27: Sesquiterpene lactones (mainly Artemin and Arsubin) in leaves #28: alpha-thujone in dried leaves #29: 1,8-Cineole in fresh leaves #30: globulol in dried leaves #31: beta-thujone in dried leaves #32: pinocarvone in fresh leaves #33: artemisia ketone in dried leaves #34: 1,8-Cineole in dried leaves #35: alpha-thujone in fresh leaves #36: beta-thujone in fresh leaves #37: anthraquinone in aerial parts #38: tannins in aerial parts #39: saponins in aerial parts #40: Isoalantolactone in leaves #41: ascaridol in aerial parts #42: isofraxidin in aerial parts

Endpoint Studies

#1: alpha-amylase inhibition #2: alpha-glucosidase inhibition

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Asfaw, Nigist., Demissew, Sebsebe. Essential oil composition of four Artemisia species from Ethiopia. bulletin of the chemical society of ethiopia, 2015, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 123–128. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.5
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in aerial parts

Composition #2: Asfaw, Nigist., Demissew, Sebsebe. Essential oil composition of four Artemisia species from Ethiopia. bulletin of the chemical society of ethiopia, 2015, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 123–128. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

artemisia ketone (RF-00004157-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13.2
Internal remarks:

artemisia ketone in aerial parts

Composition #3: Asfaw, Nigist., Demissew, Sebsebe. Essential oil composition of four Artemisia species from Ethiopia. bulletin of the chemical society of ethiopia, 2015, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 123–128. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1
Internal remarks:

camphor in aerial parts

Composition #4: Mwangi, J.W., Achola, K.J., Sinei, K.A., Lwande, W., Laurent, R. Essential oil constituents of artemisia afra willd. journal of essential oil research, 1995, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 97–99. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1995.9698475. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

67.37
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in leaves

Composition #5: Libbey, L.M., Sturtz, G. Unusual essential oils grown in oregon. I. Artemisia afra jacq. journal of essential oil research, 1989, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 29–31. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1989.9699441. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.6 - 8.8
Internal remarks:

Camphor in leaves

Composition #6: Libbey, L.M., Sturtz, G. Unusual essential oils grown in oregon. I. Artemisia afra jacq. journal of essential oil research, 1989, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 29–31. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1989.9699441. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

beta-thujone (RF-00003712-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13.1 - 13.7
Internal remarks:

Beta-thujone in leaves

Composition #7: Libbey, L.M., Sturtz, G. Unusual essential oils grown in oregon. I. Artemisia afra jacq. journal of essential oil research, 1989, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 29–31. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1989.9699441. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

artemisia ketone (RF-00004157-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.3 - 2
Internal remarks:

Artemisia ketone in leaves

Composition #8: Libbey, L.M., Sturtz, G. Unusual essential oils grown in oregon. I. Artemisia afra jacq. journal of essential oil research, 1989, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 29–31. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1989.9699441. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

52.5 - 54.2
Internal remarks:

Alpha-thujone in leaves

Composition #9: Libbey, L.M., Sturtz, G. Unusual essential oils grown in oregon. I. Artemisia afra jacq. journal of essential oil research, 1989, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 29–31. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1989.9699441. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13.0 - 13.7
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in leaves

Composition #10: Chinsembu, K.C. Tuberculosis and nature's pharmacy of putative anti-tuberculosis agents. acta tropica, 2016, vol. 153, p. 46–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coumarins in leaves

Composition #11: Chagonda, LS., Makanda, C., Chalchat, JC. The essential oil of cultivated Artemisia afra (Jacq.) from Zimbabwe. flavour and fragrance journal, 1999, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 140–142. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199903/04)14:2<140::AID-FFJ800>3.0.CO;2-R. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

steam distillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1 - 29.3
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in aerial parts

Composition #12: Chagonda, LS., Makanda, C., Chalchat, JC. The essential oil of cultivated Artemisia afra (Jacq.) from Zimbabwe. flavour and fragrance journal, 1999, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 140–142. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199903/04)14:2<140::AID-FFJ800>3.0.CO;2-R. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

steam distillation
Substance:

artemisia ketone (RF-00004157-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1 - 41.9
Internal remarks:

artemisia ketone in aerial parts

Composition #13: Chagonda, LS., Makanda, C., Chalchat, JC. The essential oil of cultivated Artemisia afra (Jacq.) from Zimbabwe. flavour and fragrance journal, 1999, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 140–142. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199903/04)14:2<140::AID-FFJ800>3.0.CO;2-R. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

steam distillation
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1 - 4.9
Internal remarks:

alpha-thujone in aerial parts

Composition #14: Chagonda, LS., Makanda, C., Chalchat, JC. The essential oil of cultivated Artemisia afra (Jacq.) from Zimbabwe. flavour and fragrance journal, 1999, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 140–142. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199903/04)14:2<140::AID-FFJ800>3.0.CO;2-R. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

steam distillation
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.2 - 50.3
Internal remarks:

camphor in aerial parts

Composition #15: Chagonda, LS., Makanda, C., Chalchat, JC. The essential oil of cultivated Artemisia afra (Jacq.) from Zimbabwe. flavour and fragrance journal, 1999, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 140–142. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199903/04)14:2<140::AID-FFJ800>3.0.CO;2-R. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

steam distillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1 - 1.6
Internal remarks:

myrcene in aerial parts

Composition #16: Guantai, AN., Addae-Mensah, I. Cardiovascular effect of Artemisia afra and its constituents. pharmaceutical biology, 1999, vol. 37, no. 5, p. 351–356. DOI: 10.1076/phbi.37.5.351.6057. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether + methanol
Substance:

scopoletin (RF-00004048-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

scopoletin in leaves

Composition #17: Asekun, O. T., Grierson, D. S., Afolayan, A. J. Variations in the quality and yield of the essential oil from Artemisia afra using different drying methods . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2007, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 5–9. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13.1 - 21.8
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in aerial parts

Composition #18: Asekun, O. T., Grierson, D. S., Afolayan, A. J. Variations in the quality and yield of the essential oil from Artemisia afra using different drying methods . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2007, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 5–9. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha and beta-thujone
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

39.8 - 52.1
Internal remarks:

alpha and beta-thujone in aerial parts

Composition #19: Asekun, O. T., Grierson, D. S., Afolayan, A. J. Variations in the quality and yield of the essential oil from Artemisia afra using different drying methods . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2007, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 5–9. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

artemisia ketone (RF-00004157-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.9
Internal remarks:

artemisia ketone in aerial parts

Composition #20: Asekun, O. T., Grierson, D. S., Afolayan, A. J. Variations in the quality and yield of the essential oil from Artemisia afra using different drying methods . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2007, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 5–9. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.2 - 14.4
Internal remarks:

camphor in aerial parts

Composition #21: Oyedeji, Adebola O., Afolayan, Anthony J., Hutchings, Anne. Compositional Variation of the Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three Provinces in South Africa - A Case Study of its Safety . natural product communications, 2009, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 849–852. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation (fresh and dry plant)
Substance:

beta-thujone (RF-00003712-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.6 - 17.3
Internal remarks:

beta-thujone in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant)

Composition #22: Oyedeji, Adebola O., Afolayan, Anthony J., Hutchings, Anne. Compositional Variation of the Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three Provinces in South Africa - A Case Study of its Safety . natural product communications, 2009, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 849–852. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation (fresh and dry plant)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.2 - 49.5
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant)

Composition #23: Oyedeji, Adebola O., Afolayan, Anthony J., Hutchings, Anne. Compositional Variation of the Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three Provinces in South Africa - A Case Study of its Safety . natural product communications, 2009, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 849–852. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation (fresh and dry plant)
Substance:

artemisia ketone (RF-00004157-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.9 - 31.1
Internal remarks:

artemisia ketone in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant)

Composition #24: Oyedeji, Adebola O., Afolayan, Anthony J., Hutchings, Anne. Compositional Variation of the Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three Provinces in South Africa - A Case Study of its Safety . natural product communications, 2009, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 849–852. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation (fresh and dry plant)
Substance:

l-Piperitone (RF-00007699-PAR)
Additional substance description:

piperitone
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.9 - 1.9
Internal remarks:

piperitone in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant)

Composition #25: Oyedeji, Adebola O., Afolayan, Anthony J., Hutchings, Anne. Compositional Variation of the Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three Provinces in South Africa - A Case Study of its Safety . natural product communications, 2009, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 849–852. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation (fresh and dry plant)
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.6 - 74.7
Internal remarks:

alpha-thujone in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant)

Composition #26: Oyedeji, Adebola O., Afolayan, Anthony J., Hutchings, Anne. Compositional Variation of the Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three Provinces in South Africa - A Case Study of its Safety . natural product communications, 2009, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 849–852. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation (fresh and dry plant)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.4 - 23.6
Internal remarks:

camphor in aerial parts (fresh and dry plant)

Composition #27: Ntutela, Siyabulela., Smith, Pete., Matika, Lungile., Mukinda, James., Arendse, Hiram., Allie, Nasiema., Estes, D. Mark., Mabusela, Wilfred., Folb, Peter., Steyn, Lafras., Johnson, Quinton., Folk, William R., Syce, James., Jacobs, Muazzam. Efficacy of Artemisia afra phytotherapy in experimental tuberculosis. tuberculosis, 2009, vol. 89, p. S33–S40. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous-, methanol- and dichloromethane (DCM)
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Mainly Artemin and Arsubin
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones (mainly Artemin and Arsubin) in leaves

Composition #28: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation of dried leaves
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12.54-16.9
Internal remarks:

alpha-thujone in dried leaves

Composition #29: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation of fresh leaves
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.91
Internal remarks:

1,8-Cineole in fresh leaves

Composition #30: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation of dried leaves
Substance:

(-)-globulol (RF-00003756-PAR)
Additional substance description:

globulol
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.27
Internal remarks:

globulol in dried leaves

Composition #31: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation of dried leaves
Substance:

beta-thujone (RF-00003712-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

49.43-60.63
Internal remarks:

beta-thujone in dried leaves

Composition #32: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation of fresh leaves
Substance:

pinocarvone (RF-00003547-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.29
Internal remarks:

pinocarvone in fresh leaves

Composition #33: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydrodistillation of dried leaves
Substance:

artemisia ketone (RF-00004157-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.20
Internal remarks:

artemisia ketone in dried leaves

Composition #34: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation of dried leaves
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.20-7.68
Internal remarks:

1,8-Cineole in dried leaves

Composition #35: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation of fresh leaves
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

18.11
Internal remarks:

alpha-thujone in fresh leaves

Composition #36: Ashafa, Anofi Omotayo Tom., Pitso, Teboho Raymond. Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa . journal of essential oil bearing plants, 2014, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1087–1093. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation of fresh leaves
Substance:

beta-thujone (RF-00003712-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

60.45
Internal remarks:

beta-thujone in fresh leaves

Composition #37: Issa, Idris Ahmed., Bule, Mohammed Hussen. Hypoglycemic Effect of Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Artemisia afra on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Swiss Albino Mice . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2015 . DOI: 10.1155/2015/752486. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

Aqueous extraction from fresh aerial parts
Substance:

Anthraquinone (RF-0475-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

anthraquinone in aerial parts

Composition #38: Issa, Idris Ahmed., Bule, Mohammed Hussen. Hypoglycemic Effect of Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Artemisia afra on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Swiss Albino Mice . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2015 . DOI: 10.1155/2015/752486. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

Aqueous extraction from fresh aerial parts
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins in aerial parts

Composition #39: Issa, Idris Ahmed., Bule, Mohammed Hussen. Hypoglycemic Effect of Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Artemisia afra on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Swiss Albino Mice . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2015 . DOI: 10.1155/2015/752486. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

Aqueous extraction from fresh aerial parts
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins in aerial parts

Composition #40: Venables, L., Koekemoer, T. C., Van de Venter, M., Goosen, E. D. Isoalantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone from Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd and its in vitro mechanism of induced cell death in HeLa cells . south african journal of botany, 2016, vol. 103, p. 216–221. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.08.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

80% ethanol
Substance:

Isoalantolactone (RF-00010905-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Isoalantolactone in leaves

Composition #41: JAKUPOVIC, J., KLEMEYER, H., BOHLMANN, F., GRAVEN, EH. GLAUCOLIDES AND GUAIANOLIDES FROM ARTEMISIA-AFRA. phytochemistry, 1988, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 1129–1133. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH-Et 2 O-Petrol
Substance:

ascaridol (RF-00004159-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

ascaridol in aerial parts

Composition #42: JAKUPOVIC, J., KLEMEYER, H., BOHLMANN, F., GRAVEN, EH. GLAUCOLIDES AND GUAIANOLIDES FROM ARTEMISIA-AFRA. phytochemistry, 1988, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 1129–1133. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH-Et 2 O-Petrol
Substance:

isofraxidin (RF-00010989-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isofraxidin in aerial parts

Endpoint study #1: Nkobole, Nolitha., Houghton, Peter James., Hussein, Ahmed., Lall, Namrita. Antidiabetic Activity of Terminalia sericea Constituents. natural product communications, 2011, vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1585–1588. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Acetone
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

74
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

Inhibition activity of alpha-amylse at 0.2 mg/mL
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-amylase inhibition

Endpoint study #2: Nkobole, Nolitha., Houghton, Peter James., Hussein, Ahmed., Lall, Namrita. Antidiabetic Activity of Terminalia sericea Constituents. natural product communications, 2011, vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1585–1588. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Acetone
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

47.2
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

Inhibition activity of alpha-glucosidase at 0.2 mg/mL
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition