EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Aristolochia indica L.

Family:: Aristolochiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 269
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: pinocarvone in stem #2: aristolactam and derivatives in aerial parts and roots #3: aristolochic acid (I-IV) in aerial parts and roots #4: Isoquinoline alkaloid (norcepharadione A) in aerial parts and roots #5: magnoflorine in roots #6: aristolactam and derivatives in roots #7: aristolochic acid I in roots #8: isoquinoline alkaloids (cephradione A) in roots #9: aristolochic acid D in roots #10: naphtoquinone (aristolindiquinone) in roots #11: savinin in roots #12: methyl aristolate in roots #13: aristolic acid in roots

Endpoint Studies

#1: antifertility/abortifacient effect of aristolochic acid #2: antifertility/abortifacient effect of methyl aristolate #3: Nephrotoxicity, gastric problems, sleepiness and rashes in humans after intake of unspecified plant parts #4: Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant rats after dosing with ethanol extract of root #5: Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant rats after dosing with methanol extract of root #6: Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant hamsters after dosing with ethanol extract of root

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Kanjilal, P. B., Kotoky, Rumi., Couladis, Maria. Chemical Composition of the Stein Oil of Aristolochia indica L.. journal of essential oil research, 2009, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 24–25. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hydro-distillation
Substance:

pinocarvone (RF-00003547-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

14.2
Internal remarks:

pinocarvone in stem

Composition #2: Michl, Johanna., Jennings, Hannah M., Kite, Geoffrey C., Ingrouille, Martin J., Simmonds, Monique S. J., Heinrich, Michael. Is aristolochic acid nephropathy a widespread problem in developing countries? A case study of Aristolochia indica L. in Bangladesh using an ethnobotanical-phytochemical approach . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 235–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.028. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol extraction
Substance:

aristolactam (RF-00003693-PAR)
Additional substance description:

aristolactam derivatives
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aristolactam and derivatives in aerial parts and roots

Composition #3: Michl, Johanna., Jennings, Hannah M., Kite, Geoffrey C., Ingrouille, Martin J., Simmonds, Monique S. J., Heinrich, Michael. Is aristolochic acid nephropathy a widespread problem in developing countries? A case study of Aristolochia indica L. in Bangladesh using an ethnobotanical-phytochemical approach . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 235–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.028. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol extraction
Substance:

Aristolochia (RF-00000498-VET)
Additional substance description:

aristolochic acid I-IV
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aristolochic acid (I-IV) in aerial parts and roots

Composition #4: Michl, Johanna., Jennings, Hannah M., Kite, Geoffrey C., Ingrouille, Martin J., Simmonds, Monique S. J., Heinrich, Michael. Is aristolochic acid nephropathy a widespread problem in developing countries? A case study of Aristolochia indica L. in Bangladesh using an ethnobotanical-phytochemical approach . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 235–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.028. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol extraction
Substance:

Isoquinoline alkaloids (RF-00004391-PAR)
Additional substance description:

norcepharadione A
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Isoquinoline alkaloid (norcepharadione A) in aerial parts and roots

Composition #5: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extraction
Substance:

magnoflorine (RF-00003919-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

magnoflorine in roots

Composition #6: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

aristolactam (RF-00003693-PAR)
Additional substance description:

aristolactam AII, aristolactam-N-P-D-glucosid
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aristolactam and derivatives in roots

Composition #7: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extraction
Substance:

Aristolochia (RF-00000498-VET)
Additional substance description:

aristolochic acid I
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aristolochic acid I in roots

Composition #8: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extraction
Substance:

Isoquinoline alkaloids (RF-00004391-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cephradione A
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoquinoline alkaloids (cephradione A) in roots

Composition #9: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extraction
Substance:

Aristolochia (RF-00000498-VET)
Additional substance description:

aristolochic acid D
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aristolochic acid D in roots

Composition #10: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extraction
Substance:

Naphthoquinones (RF-00010839-PAR)
Additional substance description:

aristolindiquinone
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

naphtoquinone (aristolindiquinone) in roots

Composition #11: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extraction
Substance:

Savinin (RF-00011067-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

savinin in roots

Composition #12: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extraction
Substance:

methyl aristolate (RF-00013684-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

methyl aristolate in roots

Composition #13: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol extraction
Substance:

Aristolochia (RF-00000498-VET)
Additional substance description:

aristolic acid I and aristolochic acid D
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aristolic acid in roots

Endpoint study #1: Kumar, Dinesh., Kumar, Ajay., Prakash, Om. Potential antifertility agents from plants: A comprehensive review. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2012, vol. 140, no. 1, p. 1–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.039. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Aristolochia (RF-00000498-VET)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Female
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

abortifacient/antifertility
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

antifertility/abortifacient effect of aristolochic acid

Endpoint study #2: Kumar, Dinesh., Kumar, Ajay., Prakash, Om. Potential antifertility agents from plants: A comprehensive review. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2012, vol. 140, no. 1, p. 1–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.039. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

methyl aristolate (RF-00013684-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

60
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

abortifacient/antifertility
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

antifertility/abortifacient effect of methyl aristolate

Endpoint study #3: Michl, Johanna., Jennings, Hannah M., Kite, Geoffrey C., Ingrouille, Martin J., Simmonds, Monique S. J., Heinrich, Michael. Is aristolochic acid nephropathy a widespread problem in developing countries? A case study of Aristolochia indica L. in Bangladesh using an ethnobotanical-phytochemical approach . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 235–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.028. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

nephrotoxicity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

Nephrotoxicity, gastric problems, sleepiness and rashes in humans after intake of unspecified plant parts

Endpoint study #4: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

10.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

1.0
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant rats after dosing from day 1-10 in pregnancy
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant rats after dosing with ethanol extract of root

Endpoint study #5: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

0.5
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant rats after dosing from day 1-10 in pregnancy
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant rats after dosing with methanol extract of root

Endpoint study #6: CHE, CT., AHMED, MS., KANG, SS., WALLER, DP., BINGEL, AS., MARTIN, A., RAJAMAHENDRAN, P., BUNYAPRAPHATSARA, N., LANKIN, DC., CORDELL, GA., SOEJARTO, DD., WIJESEKERA, ROB., FONG, HHS. STUDIES ON ARISTOLOCHIA .3. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA-INDICA ROOTS FOR FERTILITY-REGULATING ACTIVITY . journal of natural products, 1984, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 331–341. DOI: 10.1021/np50032a017. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Hamster (as animal) (A0CNX)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

0.5
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant hamsters after dosing from day 1-10 in pregnancy
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Statistically significantly reduction of number of pregnant hamsters after dosing with ethanol extract of root