EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.

Family:: Moraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 217
Number of processed references:: 10

Compositions

#1: convallatoxin in seeds #2: antiarin in sap #3: toxicarioside D, strophanthidol, malayoside, strophanolloside, antiarojavoside in stems #4: strophantidine in stems #5: Neolignans #6: Vaginol (furanocoumarin) #7: antiarisins A and B in stems #8: antiarosides A to I, antiarotoxinin A in trunk bark #9: antialloside, strophalloside, strophanthojavoside in seeds #10: periplogulcoside (periplogenin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,4)- b-D-glucopyranoside) in seeds #11: pranferol in bark #12: Cardenolides in latex #13: toxicarioside A in latex #14: toxicarioside B, toxicarioside C in latex

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Agrawal, Poonam., Akhade, Meenakshi., Laddha, Kirti., Narkhede, Satish., Mirgal, Amit., Salunke, Chandrakant. Quantification of Convallatoxin in Antiaris toxicaria Leusch seeds by RP-HPLC. analytical chemistry letters, 2014, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 172–177. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

convallatoxin (RF-00003748-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.325
Internal remarks:

convallatoxin in seeds

Composition #2: Seligmann, C.G. Report LXXV: On the physiological action of the Kenyah dart poison and its active principle antiarin. british medical journal, 1903, vol. 1, no. 2211, p. 1129–1131. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2211.1129. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Petroleum Ether
Substance:

antiarins (RF-00004344-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cardenolides in sap
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

crystallisation
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

antiarin in sap

Composition #3: Jiang, Miao-Miao., Dai, Yi., Gao, Hao., Zhang, Xue., Wang, Guang-Hui., He, Jia-You., Hu, Qiong-Ying., Zeng, Jin-Zhang., Zhang, Xiao-Kun., Yao, Xin-Sheng. Cardenolides from Antiaris toxicaria as potent selective Nur77 modulators . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2008, vol. 56, no. 7, p. 1005–1008. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.1005. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol 60%
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

toxicarioside D, strophanthidol, malayoside, strophanolloside, antiarojavoside
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, chromatography, HR-ESI/MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

toxicarioside D, strophanthidol, malayoside, strophanolloside, antiarojavoside in stems

Composition #4: Jiang, Miao-Miao., Dai, Yi., Gao, Hao., Zhang, Xue., Wang, Guang-Hui., He, Jia-You., Hu, Qiong-Ying., Zeng, Jin-Zhang., Zhang, Xiao-Kun., Yao, Xin-Sheng. Cardenolides from Antiaris toxicaria as potent selective Nur77 modulators . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2008, vol. 56, no. 7, p. 1005–1008. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.1005. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol 60%
Substance:

strophantidin (RF-00004065-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, chromatography, HR-ESI/MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

strophantidine in stems

Composition #5: Jiang, Miao-Miao., Gao, Hao., Dai, Yi., Zhang, Xue., Wang, Nai-Li., Yao, Xin-Sheng. Phenylpropanoid and Lignan Derivatives from Antiaris toxicaria and their Effects on Proliferation and Differentiation of an Osteoblast-Like Cell Line . planta medica, 2009, vol. 75, no. 4, p. 340–345. DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1112212. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 60%
Substance:

neolignans (RF-00004386-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(tortoside B, (+)-syringaresinol, (+)-lariciresinol and derivatives, ehletianol C, ficusal, (+)-balanophonin, (+)-5-methoxybalanophonin, (–)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV/VIS spectroscopy, IR, ESI.MS, NMR. HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Neolignans

Composition #6: Jiang, Miao-Miao., Gao, Hao., Dai, Yi., Zhang, Xue., Wang, Nai-Li., Yao, Xin-Sheng. Phenylpropanoid and Lignan Derivatives from Antiaris toxicaria and their Effects on Proliferation and Differentiation of an Osteoblast-Like Cell Line . planta medica, 2009, vol. 75, no. 4, p. 340–345. DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1112212. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 60%
Substance:

Furanocoumarins (RF-00004381-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Vaginol
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV/VIS spectroscopy, IR, ESI.MS, NMR. HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Vaginol (furanocoumarin)

Composition #7: Jiang, Miao-Miao., Gao, Hao., Dai, Yi., Zhang, Xue., Wang, Nai-Li., Yao, Xin-Sheng. Phenylpropanoid and Lignan Derivatives from Antiaris toxicaria and their Effects on Proliferation and Differentiation of an Osteoblast-Like Cell Line . planta medica, 2009, vol. 75, no. 4, p. 340–345. DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1112212. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 60%
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

antiarisins A and B
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV/VIS spectroscopy, IR, ESI.MS, NMR. HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

antiarisins A and B in stems

Composition #8: Shi, Li-Shian., Liao, Yu-Ren., Su, Ming-Jai., Lee, An-Sheng., Kuo, Ping-Chung., Damu, Amooru G., Kuo, Sheng-Chu., Sun, Han-Dong., Lee, Kuo-Hsiung., Wu, Tian-Shung. Cardiac Glycosides from Antiaris toxicaria with Potent Cardiotonic Activity . journal of natural products, 2010, vol. 73, no. 7, p. 1214–1222. DOI: 10.1021/np9005212. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Additional substance description:

antiarosides A to I, antiarotoxinin A
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

antiarosides A to I, antiarotoxinin A in trunk bark

Composition #9: Wu, Xiu-Li., Wu, Yu-Ling., Li, Hou-Gang., Liu, He-Tao., Fu, Xue-Yan., Cui, Rui-Qin., Wang, Jian-Huan., Liu, Cheng., Chen, Jing. A new periplogenin cardenolide from the seeds of Antiaris toxicaria. journal of asian natural products research, 2014, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 418–421. DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.885506. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol 95%
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

antialloside, strophalloside, strophanthojavoside
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

antialloside, strophalloside, strophanthojavoside in seeds

Composition #10: Wu, Xiu-Li., Wu, Yu-Ling., Li, Hou-Gang., Liu, He-Tao., Fu, Xue-Yan., Cui, Rui-Qin., Wang, Jian-Huan., Liu, Cheng., Chen, Jing. A new periplogenin cardenolide from the seeds of Antiaris toxicaria. journal of asian natural products research, 2014, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 418–421. DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.885506. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol 95%
Substance:

periplogenin (RF-00003535-PAR)
Additional substance description:

periploglucoside ( periplogenin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,4)- b-D-glucopyranoside)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

periplogulcoside (periplogenin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,4)- b-D-glucopyranoside) in seeds

Composition #11: Li, Xiao-San., Zhu, Jing-Jing., Zhao, Huan., Li, Shun-Lin., Hao, Xiao-Jiang., Yao, Xin-Sheng., Tang, Jin-Shan. Three new compounds from the bark of Antiaris toxicaria. phytochemistry letters, 2015, vol. 13, p. 182–186. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2015.06.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol 95%
Substance:

Pranferol (RF-00011410-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR, (HR) ESI–MS, NMR, HSQC, HMBC and X-ray crystallographic technique.
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pranferol in bark

Composition #12: KOPP, B., BAUER, WP., BERNKOPSCHNURCH, A. ANALYSIS OF SOME MALAYSIAN DART POISONS. journal of ethnopharmacology, 1992, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 57–62. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(92)90061-U. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform/methanol (1:l)
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in latex
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Mass Spectrometry - Infrared spectroscopy
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardenolides in latex

Composition #13: Carter, CA., Forney, RW., Gray, EA., Gehring, AM., Schneider, TL., Young, DB., Lovett, CM., Scott, L., Messer, AC., Richardson, DP. Toxicarioside A. A new cardenolide isolated from Antiaris toxicaria latex-derived dart poison. Assignment of the H-1- and C-13-NMR shifts for an antiarigenin aglycone. . tetrahedron, 1997, vol. 53, no. 40, p. 13557–13566. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(97)00895-8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform/methanol
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

toxicarioside A in latex from the bark
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

toxicarioside A in latex

Composition #14: Carter, CA., Gray, EA., Schneider, TL., Lovett, CM., Scott, L., Messer, AC., Richardson, DP. Toxicarioside B and toxicarioside C. New cardenolides isolated from Antiaris toxicaria latex-derived dart poison . tetrahedron, 1997, vol. 53, no. 50, p. 16959–16968. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(97)10174-0. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform/methanol
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

toxicariosides B and C in latex from the bark
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC, silica gel column chromatography, NMR, HMQC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

toxicarioside B, toxicarioside C in latex