EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Anagallis arvensis L. // Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb.

Family:: Primulaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 664
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: saponins in seeds #2: alkaloids in seeds #3: Tannins in seeds #4: desglucoanagalloside B, anagalloside B in whole plant #5: Desglucoanagalloside A in aerial part #6: Anagallisin A, B and C in aerial part

Endpoint Studies

#1: Gastrointestinal and nephrological toxicity in sheep; #2: Haemorrhages in digestive tract, haemorrhagic lesions in the lungs, liver, kidney and heart, pulmonary, nephrotoxicity in cattle #3: mortality, nephrotoxicity (haematological chages, pathological changes) in cattle and sheep

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Abbas, M. N., Rana, S. A., Shahid, M., Rana, N., Mahmood-ul-Hassan, M., Hussain, M. Chemical evaluation of weed seeds mixed with wheat grains at harvest. journal of animal and plant sciences, 2012, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 283–288. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

foam test
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.29
Internal remarks:

saponins in seeds

Composition #2: Abbas, M. N., Rana, S. A., Shahid, M., Rana, N., Mahmood-ul-Hassan, M., Hussain, M. Chemical evaluation of weed seeds mixed with wheat grains at harvest. journal of animal and plant sciences, 2012, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 283–288. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Alkaloid solution test with Mayer’s reagents
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.21
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in seeds

Composition #3: Abbas, M. N., Rana, S. A., Shahid, M., Rana, N., Mahmood-ul-Hassan, M., Hussain, M. Chemical evaluation of weed seeds mixed with wheat grains at harvest. journal of animal and plant sciences, 2012, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 283–288. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Keller-killani test
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9.56
Internal remarks:

Tannins in seeds

Composition #4: Abdel-Gawad, MM., El-Amin, SM., Ohigashi, H., Watanabe, Y., Takeda, N., Sugiyama, H., Kawanaka, M. Molluscicidal saponins from Anagallis arvensis against schistosome intermediate hosts . japanese journal of infectious diseases, 2000, vol. 53, no. 1, p. 17–19. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

anagalloside (RF-00004144-PAR)
Additional substance description:

desglucoanagalloside B and anagalloside B
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

desglucoanagalloside B, anagalloside B in whole plant

Composition #5: Soberon, Jose R., Sgariglia, Melina A., Pastoriza, Ana C., Soruco, Estela M., Jager, Sebastian N., Labadie, Guillermo R., Sampietro, Diego A., Vattuone, Marta A. Antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of extracts and triterpenoid saponins obtained from the aerial parts of Anagallis arvensis L. . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2017, vol. 203, p. 233–240. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.056. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

pentacyclic triterpene saponins (RF-00004334-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Desglucoanagalloside A
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC, ESI, HRMS, NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Desglucoanagalloside A in aerial part

Composition #6: Soberon, Jose R., Sgariglia, Melina A., Pastoriza, Ana C., Soruco, Estela M., Jager, Sebastian N., Labadie, Guillermo R., Sampietro, Diego A., Vattuone, Marta A. Antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of extracts and triterpenoid saponins obtained from the aerial parts of Anagallis arvensis L. . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2017, vol. 203, p. 233–240. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.056. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

pentacyclic triterpene saponins (RF-00004334-PAR)
Additional substance description:

anagallisin A, B and C
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC, ESI, HRMS, NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anagallisin A, B and C in aerial part

Endpoint study #1: Rivero, R., Zabala, A., Gianneechini, R., Gil, J., Moraes, J. Anagallis arvensis poisoning in cattle and sheep in Uruguay. veterinary and human toxicology, 2001, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 27–30. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

160.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
Effect concentration:

160
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Weakness, staggers, diarrhea, coma; Digestive problems, fluid in body cavities, mesenteric and perirenal yellowish or pale kidneys; hemorrhagic abomasitis and enteritis. Severe nephrosis was observed histologically
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Gastrointestinal and nephrological toxicity in sheep;

Endpoint study #2: Harish, B. R., Naik, B. M. Chandra., Somashekar, S. H., Kumar, R. Vijaya., Jayakumar, S. R., Krishnappa, G. Blue pimpernel toxicity in cattle and buffaloes. indian veterinary journal, 2006, vol. 83, no. 9, p. 947–949. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Dullness, anorexia, haemorrhagic gastronteritis. In terminal stage muscular tremors, dyspnoea. Haemorrhagic lesions (lungs, liver, kidney and heart) nephrotoxicity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Haemorrhages in digestive tract, haemorrhagic lesions in the lungs, liver, kidney and heart, pulmonary, nephrotoxicity in cattle

Endpoint study #3: Roche, M. J., McCowan, C. I., Kelly, J. C. Suspected poisoning of cattle by scarlet pimpernel (Lysimachia arvensis L.) . australian veterinary journal, 2012, vol. 90, no. 7, p. 269–271. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00930.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

120
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

lethargia, mortality, fluid in retroperitoneum, haemorrhages the intestinal tract, ulcers in ileum, increased urea and creatinie in blood, histopathological changes in kidneys (degeration, cell vacuolation, heamorrhagies and necrosis)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

mortality, nephrotoxicity (haematological chages, pathological changes) in cattle and sheep