EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cashew nut (as plant) // Anacardium occidentale L.

Family:: Anacardiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 3840
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Pinoresinol in seeds #2: Secoisolariciresinol in seeds #3: Lariciresinol in seeds #4: Nitrate in fruits #5: Cyanide in fruits #6: Nitrite in fruits #7: Tannins in testa (husk) #8: Anacardic acid in seeds (nut-shell) #9: Saponins in leaves #10: Proanthocyanidins in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Neurological and other clinical symptoms, followed by mortality in rats #2: Liver hematological effects in rats #3: Renal hematological effects in rats #4: Hematological/immunological effects in rats #5: Reduced body weight gain in rats #6: Heart organ weight reduction in rats #7: Lethargy and staggering gait in poisoned cattle

Genotoxicity

#1: Mutagenicity in Ames Assay #2: Genotoxicity (micronucleus assay) in mice

Composition #1: Milder, Ivon E. J., Arts, Ilja C. W., van de Putte, Betty., Venema, Dini P., Hollman, Peter C. H. Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: A database including lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. british journal of nutrition, 2005, vol. 93, no. 3, p. 393–402. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol–water (70:30 v/v) containing 0.3 M NaOH
Substance:

Pinoresinol (RF-00011088-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS (F026A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pinoresinol in seeds

Composition #2: Milder, Ivon E. J., Arts, Ilja C. W., van de Putte, Betty., Venema, Dini P., Hollman, Peter C. H. Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: A database including lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. british journal of nutrition, 2005, vol. 93, no. 3, p. 393–402. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol–water (70:30 v/v) containing 0.3 M NaOH
Substance:

secoisolarisiresinol (RF-00000390-NTR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS (F026A)
Result unit:

Microgram/100 gram (G046A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

133
Internal remarks:

Secoisolariciresinol in seeds

Composition #3: Milder, Ivon E. J., Arts, Ilja C. W., van de Putte, Betty., Venema, Dini P., Hollman, Peter C. H. Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: A database including lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. british journal of nutrition, 2005, vol. 93, no. 3, p. 393–402. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol–water (70:30 v/v) containing 0.3 M NaOH
Substance:

lariciresinol (RF-00011086-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS (F026A)
Result unit:

Microgram/100 gram (G046A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

496
Internal remarks:

Lariciresinol in seeds

Composition #4: Uhegbu, Friday O., Elekwa, Ifeanyi., Iweala, Emeka E. J., Kanu, Ijeoma. Cyanide, nitrate and nitrite content of some leafy vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in the South-East of Nigeria. pakistan journal of nutrition, 2011, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 1190–1194. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

distilled water
Substance:

Nitrate (RF-00000085-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

colorimetric method of Harper (1924) as modified by Bassir and Maduagwu (1978)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

57.43
Internal remarks:

Nitrate in fruits

Composition #5: Uhegbu, Friday O., Elekwa, Ifeanyi., Iweala, Emeka E. J., Kanu, Ijeoma. Cyanide, nitrate and nitrite content of some leafy vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in the South-East of Nigeria. pakistan journal of nutrition, 2011, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 1190–1194. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

distilled water
Substance:

Hydrogen cyanide (cyanides expressed as hydrogen cyanide) (RF-0243-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

method from: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2005
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.79
Internal remarks:

Cyanide in fruits

Composition #6: Uhegbu, Friday O., Elekwa, Ifeanyi., Iweala, Emeka E. J., Kanu, Ijeoma. Cyanide, nitrate and nitrite content of some leafy vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in the South-East of Nigeria. pakistan journal of nutrition, 2011, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 1190–1194. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

distilled water
Substance:

Nitrites Nitrites (RF-00000087-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

method of Montgomery and Dymock (1961)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.38
Internal remarks:

Nitrite in fruits

Composition #7: Nallabilli, Lokeshwari. Utilization of natural tannins from Anacardium Occidentalis testa for producing the industrially important gallic acid through submerged fermentation. world journal of pharmaceutical research, 2016, vol. 5, no. 8, p. 861–864. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Husk (as part-nature) (A166J)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

60% methanol (of testa of cashew husk)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Hagerman and Butler 1978
Result unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.79-5.82
Internal remarks:

Tannins in testa (husk)

Composition #8: Kiong, L.S., Tyman, J.H.P. Long-chain phenols. Part 18. Conversion of anacardic acid into urushiol. journal of the chemical society, perkin transactions 1, 1981, p. 1942–1952. DOI: 10.1039/P19810001942. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

cashew nut shell liquid
Substance:

Anacardic acid (RF-00004143-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anacardic acid in seeds (nut-shell)

Composition #9: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

70% ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Composition #10: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

70% ethanol
Substance:

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) (RF-00004370-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Proanthocyanidins in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Harlita., Niken Satuti, N.H., Sagi, M., Astuti, P. Acute toxicity of cashew nut shell extract (Anacardium occidentale L.) in albino rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout 1769). pakistan journal of biological sciences, 2016, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 89–94. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2016.89.94. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

cashew nut shell extracted with 96% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Unit (G005A)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

2500
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Effect description:

Restlessness, twitching, tremors, writhing, cerebral and spinal reflexes, and death in all 4 animals dosed at this level.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurological and other clinical symptoms, followed by mortality in rats

Endpoint study #2: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

70% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

400
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Increased ALP (400 mg/kg-bw) in males.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Liver hematological effects in rats

Endpoint study #3: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

70% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

400-1000
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Increased BUN (400, 700 and 1000 mg/kg-bw) in males and CRE (1000 mg/kg-bw) in females.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Renal hematological effects in rats

Endpoint study #4: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

70% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

400-1000
Critical effect:

IMMUNOTOXICITY (TOX09A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Increased neutrophils (male and female, 400 and 1000 mg/kg-day) and increased leukocytes (females only, 1000 mg/kg-day).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Hematological/immunological effects in rats

Endpoint study #5: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

70% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

400-1000
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

Reduced body weight gain, especially in males.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Reduced body weight gain in rats

Endpoint study #6: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

70% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

1000
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Reduced heart weight/body weight ratio in males.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Heart organ weight reduction in rats

Endpoint study #7: Ribeiro Filho, Martim Rodrigues., Soto-Blanco, Benito. Poisoning by Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Cattle. acta scientiae veterinariae, 2012, vol. 40, no. 4 . .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional plant/substance description:

Sometimes used fresh or dried in cattle feed
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

Lethargy, staggering gait, prostration. Clinical signs similar to alcohol intoxication. Reversible and non-lethal.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

behaviour (CHD001BE)
Internal remarks:

Lethargy and staggering gait in poisoned cattle

Genotox #1: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial gene mutation assay (CHD027TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 102 (CHD025ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with and without
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Not applicable
Remarks on genotox study:

Mutagenic signs in two strains treated with high doses: strain TA98 when treated with 0.56 mg/plate without metabolic activation and strain TA102 when treated with 0.56 and 0.83 mg/plate with metabolic activation.
Internal remarks:

Mutagenicity in Ames Assay
Internal ID:

WOS:000244804400004

Genotox #2: Konan, Nzi Andre., Bacchi, Elfriede Marianne., Lincopan, Nilton., Varela, Soraya Duarte., Varanda, Eliana Aparecida. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 110, no. 1, p. 30–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.033. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

micronucleus assay (CHD051TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Treatment of mice with a single dose of 2000 mg/kg EEAO yielded elevated frequency of micronucleated PCE in the bone marrow.
Internal remarks:

Genotoxicity (micronucleus assay) in mice
Internal ID:

WOS:000244804400004