EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Red amaranth (as plant) // Amaranthus cruentus L.

Family:: Amaranthaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1047
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: tannins in leaves #2: betalains in leaves #3: alkaloids in leaves #4: triterpene saponins in seeds #5: oxalate in leaves #6: gallic acid in sprout #7: p-Coumaric acid in seeds #8: gallic acid in seeds #9: p-Coumaric acid in sprouts #10: Cyanide in leaves #11: Nitrate in leaves #12: Oxalates in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Lethal dose in hamsters

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Pandey, Stuti., Ganeshpurkar, Aditya., Bansal, Divya., Dubey, Nazneen. Hematopoietic Effect of Amaranthus cruentus Extract on Phenylhydrazine-Induced Toxicity in Rats . journal of dietary supplements, 2016, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 607–615. DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2016.1155685. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins in leaves

Composition #2: Pandey, Stuti., Ganeshpurkar, Aditya., Bansal, Divya., Dubey, Nazneen. Hematopoietic Effect of Amaranthus cruentus Extract on Phenylhydrazine-Induced Toxicity in Rats . journal of dietary supplements, 2016, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 607–615. DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2016.1155685. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Betalains (RF-00010820-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

betalains in leaves

Composition #3: Pandey, Stuti., Ganeshpurkar, Aditya., Bansal, Divya., Dubey, Nazneen. Hematopoietic Effect of Amaranthus cruentus Extract on Phenylhydrazine-Induced Toxicity in Rats . journal of dietary supplements, 2016, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 607–615. DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2016.1155685. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in leaves

Composition #4: Oleszek, W., Junkuszew, M., Stochmal, A. Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amaranthus cruentus seeds. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1999, vol. 47, no. 9, p. 3685–3687. DOI: 10.1021/jf990182k. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Triterpene saponins Triterpene saponins (RF-00004338-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.79 - 1.86
Internal remarks:

triterpene saponins in seeds

Composition #5: Radek, M., Savage, G. P. Oxalates in some Indian green leafy vegetables. international journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2008, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 246–260. DOI: 10.1080/09637480701791176. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16.72
Internal remarks:

oxalate in leaves

Composition #6: Pasko, P., Sajewicz, M., Gorinstein, S., Zachwieja, Z. Analysis of Selected Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Amaranthus cruentus and Chenopodium quinoa Seeds and Sprouts by HPLC . acta chromatographica, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 661–672. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.20.2008.4.11. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Sprout (as part-nature) (A067R)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

350 - 370
Internal remarks:

gallic acid in sprout

Composition #7: Pasko, P., Sajewicz, M., Gorinstein, S., Zachwieja, Z. Analysis of Selected Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Amaranthus cruentus and Chenopodium quinoa Seeds and Sprouts by HPLC . acta chromatographica, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 661–672. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.20.2008.4.11. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.9
Internal remarks:

p-Coumaric acid in seeds

Composition #8: Pasko, P., Sajewicz, M., Gorinstein, S., Zachwieja, Z. Analysis of Selected Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Amaranthus cruentus and Chenopodium quinoa Seeds and Sprouts by HPLC . acta chromatographica, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 661–672. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.20.2008.4.11. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

400 - 440
Internal remarks:

gallic acid in seeds

Composition #9: Pasko, P., Sajewicz, M., Gorinstein, S., Zachwieja, Z. Analysis of Selected Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Amaranthus cruentus and Chenopodium quinoa Seeds and Sprouts by HPLC . acta chromatographica, 2008, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 661–672. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.20.2008.4.11. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Sprout (as part-nature) (A067R)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.4 - 42.2
Internal remarks:

p-Coumaric acid in sprouts

Composition #10: Musa, Amanabo., Oladiran, Johnson A., Ezenwa, Matthew I. S., Akanya, Helmina O., Ogbadoyi, Emmanuel O. The effects of applied nitrogen fertilizer and leaf positions on levels of micronutrients, anti-nutrients and toxic substances in Amaranthus cruentus . african journal of biotechnology, 2011, vol. 10, no. 48, p. 9857–9863. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

188.18 - 258.38
Internal remarks:

Cyanide in leaves

Composition #11: Musa, Amanabo., Oladiran, Johnson A., Ezenwa, Matthew I. S., Akanya, Helmina O., Ogbadoyi, Emmanuel O. The effects of applied nitrogen fertilizer and leaf positions on levels of micronutrients, anti-nutrients and toxic substances in Amaranthus cruentus . african journal of biotechnology, 2011, vol. 10, no. 48, p. 9857–9863. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Nitrate (RF-00000085-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10.71 - 26.99
Internal remarks:

Nitrate in leaves

Composition #12: Musa, Amanabo., Oladiran, Johnson A., Ezenwa, Matthew I. S., Akanya, Helmina O., Ogbadoyi, Emmanuel O. The effects of applied nitrogen fertilizer and leaf positions on levels of micronutrients, anti-nutrients and toxic substances in Amaranthus cruentus . african journal of biotechnology, 2011, vol. 10, no. 48, p. 9857–9863. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.52 - 4.92
Internal remarks:

Oxalates in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Oleszek, W., Junkuszew, M., Stochmal, A. Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amaranthus cruentus seeds. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1999, vol. 47, no. 9, p. 3685–3687. DOI: 10.1021/jf990182k. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Hamster (as animal) (A0CNX)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

36.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

1100
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

p. In the group with dose increased to 1750 mg/kg, breathing problems were observed, fellowed by nervous system perturbation and death after 36 h. The approximate lethal dose was calculated as 1100 mg/kg
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Lethal dose in hamsters