EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Galangal, greater (as plant) // Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.

Family:: Zingiberaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 842
Number of processed references:: 9

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Jirovetz, Leopold., Buchbauer, Gerhard., Shafi, Mohamed Pottachola., Leela, Neettiyath Kalathil. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. . acta pharmaceutica (zagreb), 2003, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 73–81. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

15.59
Internal remarks:

Camphor (leaves)

Composition #2: Jirovetz, Leopold., Buchbauer, Gerhard., Shafi, Mohamed Pottachola., Leela, Neettiyath Kalathil. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. . acta pharmaceutica (zagreb), 2003, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 73–81. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

31.12
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole (stem)

Composition #3: Jirovetz, Leopold., Buchbauer, Gerhard., Shafi, Mohamed Pottachola., Leela, Neettiyath Kalathil. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. . acta pharmaceutica (zagreb), 2003, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 73–81. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.01
Internal remarks:

Camphor (stem)

Composition #4: Jirovetz, Leopold., Buchbauer, Gerhard., Shafi, Mohamed Pottachola., Leela, Neettiyath Kalathil. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. . acta pharmaceutica (zagreb), 2003, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 73–81. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9.44-28.42
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole (rhizomes + roots)

Composition #5: Jirovetz, Leopold., Buchbauer, Gerhard., Shafi, Mohamed Pottachola., Leela, Neettiyath Kalathil. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. . acta pharmaceutica (zagreb), 2003, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 73–81. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.80
Internal remarks:

Myrcene (roots)

Composition #6: Jirovetz, Leopold., Buchbauer, Gerhard., Shafi, Mohamed Pottachola., Leela, Neettiyath Kalathil. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. . acta pharmaceutica (zagreb), 2003, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 73–81. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.24-7.71
Internal remarks:

Camphor (rhizomes+roots)

Composition #7: Jirovetz, Leopold., Buchbauer, Gerhard., Shafi, Mohamed Pottachola., Leela, Neettiyath Kalathil. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. . acta pharmaceutica (zagreb), 2003, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 73–81. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

28.34
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole (leaves)

Composition #8: Jirovetz, Leopold., Buchbauer, Gerhard., Shafi, Mohamed Pottachola., Leela, Neettiyath Kalathil. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. . acta pharmaceutica (zagreb), 2003, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 73–81. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

fenchone (RF-00003814-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.16
Internal remarks:

Fenchone (rhizomes)

Composition #9: Das, A., Santhy, K.S. Chemical characterisation of Alpinia Galanga (L.) willd by GC-MS, XRD, FTIR and UV-VIS spectroscopic methods. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2015, vol. 7, no. 9, p. 499-501.

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

39.4
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in roots

Composition #10: Das, A., Santhy, K.S. Chemical characterisation of Alpinia Galanga (L.) willd by GC-MS, XRD, FTIR and UV-VIS spectroscopic methods. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2015, vol. 7, no. 9, p. 499-501.

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Naphthalene (RF-0801-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent Area (G139A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.65
Internal remarks:

Naphthalene in roots

Composition #11: Das, A., Santhy, K.S. Chemical characterisation of Alpinia Galanga (L.) willd by GC-MS, XRD, FTIR and UV-VIS spectroscopic methods. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2015, vol. 7, no. 9, p. 499-501.

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.8
Internal remarks:

camphor in roots

Composition #12: Ando, S., Matsuda, H., Morikawa, T., Yoshikawa, M. 1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate as a new type inhibitor of interferon-beta production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages . bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2005, vol. 13, no. 9, p. 3289–3294. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.022. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

costunolide (RF-00003753-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Costunolide

Composition #13: Morikawa, T., Ando, S., Matsuda, H., Kataoka, S., Muraoka, O., Yoshikawa, M. Inhibitors of nitric oxide production from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga: Structures of new 8-9 ' linked neolignans and sesquineolignan . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2005, vol. 53, no. 6, p. 625–630. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.625. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Aqueous acetone
Substance:

neolignans (RF-00004386-PAR)
Additional substance description:

galanganal and galanganol A to C
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

EI-MS, NMR, UV, HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

neolignans in roots

Composition #14: Kaur, Amandeep., Singh, Ranvir., eyb, Chinmoy Sankar., Sharma, Shyam Sundar., Bhutani, Kamlesh K., Singh, Inder Pal. Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd.. indian journal of experimental biology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 3, p. 314–317. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Additional substance description:

trans-p-coumaric acid
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

trans-p-coumaric acid

Composition #15: Kaur, Amandeep., Singh, Ranvir., eyb, Chinmoy Sankar., Sharma, Shyam Sundar., Bhutani, Kamlesh K., Singh, Inder Pal. Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd.. indian journal of experimental biology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 3, p. 314–317. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate
Substance:

methyleugenol (RF-00003931-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

methyleugenol

Composition #16: Padalia, Rajendra C., Verma, Ram S., Sundaresan, Velusamy., Chanotiya, Chandan S. Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India . chemistry & biodiversity, 2010, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 2076–2087. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subtropical vs. subtemperate
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1-1.1
Internal remarks:

myrcene in essential oil from flowers

Composition #17: Padalia, Rajendra C., Verma, Ram S., Sundaresan, Velusamy., Chanotiya, Chandan S. Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India . chemistry & biodiversity, 2010, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 2076–2087. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subtropical vs. subtemperate
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.3-1.3
Internal remarks:

myrcene in essential oil from leaves

Composition #18: Padalia, Rajendra C., Verma, Ram S., Sundaresan, Velusamy., Chanotiya, Chandan S. Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India . chemistry & biodiversity, 2010, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 2076–2087. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subtropical vs. subtemperate
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

23-26.3
Internal remarks:

1,8 cineole in essential oil from leaves

Composition #19: Padalia, Rajendra C., Verma, Ram S., Sundaresan, Velusamy., Chanotiya, Chandan S. Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India . chemistry & biodiversity, 2010, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 2076–2087. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subtropical vs. subtemperate
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9.4-18.4
Internal remarks:

1,8 cineole in essential oil from flowers

Composition #20: Padalia, Rajendra C., Verma, Ram S., Sundaresan, Velusamy., Chanotiya, Chandan S. Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India . chemistry & biodiversity, 2010, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 2076–2087. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subtropical vs. subtemperate
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.7-3.2
Internal remarks:

Camphor in essential oil from roots

Composition #21: Padalia, Rajendra C., Verma, Ram S., Sundaresan, Velusamy., Chanotiya, Chandan S. Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India . chemistry & biodiversity, 2010, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 2076–2087. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subtropical vs. subtemperate
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10.7-23
Internal remarks:

Camphor in essential oil from leaves

Composition #22: Padalia, Rajendra C., Verma, Ram S., Sundaresan, Velusamy., Chanotiya, Chandan S. Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India . chemistry & biodiversity, 2010, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 2076–2087. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subtropical vs. subtemperate
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.5-2.9
Internal remarks:

Camphor in essential oil from flowers

Composition #23: Padalia, Rajendra C., Verma, Ram S., Sundaresan, Velusamy., Chanotiya, Chandan S. Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India . chemistry & biodiversity, 2010, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 2076–2087. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subtropical vs. subtemperate
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.1-42.3
Internal remarks:

1,8 cineole in essential oil from roots

Composition #24: Zhao Ling., Chen Lv-Yi., Liang Jing-Yu. Two new phenylpropanoids isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga. chinese journal of natural medicines, 2012, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 370–373. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1009.2012.00370. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate
Substance:

phenylpropanoids (RF-00004367-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(S)-1'-ethoxy chavicol acetate, (E)-4-acetoxy cinnamyl ethyl ether (E)-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, (E)-4-acetoxy cinnamyl alcohol, 4-acetoxy cinnamyl acetate, and 4, 4'[(2E, 2'E)-bis(prop-2-ene)-1, 1'-oxy]-diphenyl-7, 7'-diacetate
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

phenylpropanoids in roots

Composition #25: Raina, Archana P., Verma, S. K., Abraham, Z. Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from Alpinia galanga Willd. (L.) and A. officinarum Hance rhizomes from North East India . journal of essential oil research, 2014, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 24–28. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.822430. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID (F040A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

63.4
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole

Endpoint study #1: QURESHI, S., SHAH, AH., AGEEL, AM. TOXICITY STUDIES ON ALPINIA-GALANGA AND CURCUMA-LONGA. planta medica, 1992, vol. 58, no. 2, p. 124–127. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-961412. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

extracted with 95% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

60
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

The hematological studies revealed a significant rise in the RBC level of the A. galanga-treated animals
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

rise in the Red Blood Cells