EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Aloe arborenscens Mill. (as plant) // Aloe arborescens Mill.

Family:: Xanthorrhoeaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 637
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: Total anthraquinone content in Aloe leaves extract #2: isobarbaloin #3: aloenin #4: barbaloin #5: aloe-emodin #6: aloin in leaves #7: aloenin in leaves #8: umbelliferone #9: esculetin #10: aloin A #11: Aloe-emodin #12: aloenin #13: aloin B

Endpoint Studies

#1: Diarrhea and reduced body weight gain #2: increase of WBC, decrease of Hb, Ca and inorganic phosphorus (IP) #3: Severe sinus dilatation of ileocecal lymph nodes #4: increased yellow–brown pigmentation in the renal tubule

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Koshioka (Née Nishimura), M., Koshioka, M., Takino, Y., Suzuki, M. Studies on the evaluation of aloe arborescens Mill. Var. Natalensis berger and aloe extract (JP IX). pharmaceutical biology, 1982, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 53–59. DOI: 10.3109/13880208209083288. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.10-2.17
Internal remarks:

Total anthraquinone content in Aloe leaves extract

Composition #2: Shimpo, K., Ida, C., Chihara, T., Beppu, H., Kaneko, T., Kuzuya, H. Aloe arborescens extract inhibits TPA-induced ear oedema, putrescine increase and tumour promotion in mouse skin . phytotherapy research, 2002, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 491–493. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.938. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethyl acetate
Substance:

aloin B (RF-00003673-PAR)
Additional substance description:

isobarbaloin
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

micellar electrokinetic chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography
Result unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9.05
Internal remarks:

isobarbaloin

Composition #3: Shimpo, K., Ida, C., Chihara, T., Beppu, H., Kaneko, T., Kuzuya, H. Aloe arborescens extract inhibits TPA-induced ear oedema, putrescine increase and tumour promotion in mouse skin . phytotherapy research, 2002, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 491–493. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.938. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethyl acetate
Substance:

aloenin (RF-00003671-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

micellar electrokinetic chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography
Result unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.65
Internal remarks:

aloenin

Composition #4: Shimpo, K., Ida, C., Chihara, T., Beppu, H., Kaneko, T., Kuzuya, H. Aloe arborescens extract inhibits TPA-induced ear oedema, putrescine increase and tumour promotion in mouse skin . phytotherapy research, 2002, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 491–493. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.938. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethyl acetate
Substance:

aloin A (RF-00003672-PAR)
Additional substance description:

barbaloin
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

micellar electrokinetic chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography
Result unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.37
Internal remarks:

barbaloin

Composition #5: Shimpo, K., Ida, C., Chihara, T., Beppu, H., Kaneko, T., Kuzuya, H. Aloe arborescens extract inhibits TPA-induced ear oedema, putrescine increase and tumour promotion in mouse skin . phytotherapy research, 2002, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 491–493. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.938. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethyl acetate
Substance:

Aloe-emodin (RF-00003670-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

micellar electrokinetic chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography
Result unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.51
Internal remarks:

aloe-emodin

Composition #6: Matsuda, Yoko., Yokohira, Masanao., Suzuki, Satoshi., Hosokawa, Kyoko., Yamakawa, Keiko., Zeng, Yu., Ninomiya, Fumiko., Saoo, Kousuke., Kuno, Toshiya., Imaida, Katsumi. One-year chronic toxicity study of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger in Wistar Hannover rats. A pilot study . food and chemical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 733–739. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.107. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

aloin A (RF-00003672-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Aloin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.83
Internal remarks:

aloin in leaves

Composition #7: Matsuda, Yoko., Yokohira, Masanao., Suzuki, Satoshi., Hosokawa, Kyoko., Yamakawa, Keiko., Zeng, Yu., Ninomiya, Fumiko., Saoo, Kousuke., Kuno, Toshiya., Imaida, Katsumi. One-year chronic toxicity study of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger in Wistar Hannover rats. A pilot study . food and chemical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 733–739. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.107. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

aloenin (RF-00003671-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.91
Internal remarks:

aloenin in leaves

Composition #8: Olennikov, D. N., Ibragimov, T. A., Chelombit'ko, V. A., Nazarova, A. V., Rokhin, A. V., Zilfikarov, I. N. Chemical composition of Aloe arborescens and its change by biostimulation . chemistry of natural compounds, 2009, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 478–482. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9405-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol and CHCl3
Substance:

umbelliferone (RF-00004096-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10.61
Internal remarks:

umbelliferone

Composition #9: Olennikov, D. N., Ibragimov, T. A., Chelombit'ko, V. A., Nazarova, A. V., Rokhin, A. V., Zilfikarov, I. N. Chemical composition of Aloe arborescens and its change by biostimulation . chemistry of natural compounds, 2009, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 478–482. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9405-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol and CHCl3
Substance:

Esculetin (RF-00003667-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

21.22
Internal remarks:

esculetin

Composition #10: Olennikov, D. N., Ibragimov, T. A., Chelombit'ko, V. A., Nazarova, A. V., Rokhin, A. V., Zilfikarov, I. N. Chemical composition of Aloe arborescens and its change by biostimulation . chemistry of natural compounds, 2009, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 478–482. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9405-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol and CHCl3
Substance:

aloin A (RF-00003672-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

71.15
Internal remarks:

aloin A

Composition #11: Olennikov, D. N., Ibragimov, T. A., Chelombit'ko, V. A., Nazarova, A. V., Rokhin, A. V., Zilfikarov, I. N. Chemical composition of Aloe arborescens and its change by biostimulation . chemistry of natural compounds, 2009, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 478–482. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9405-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol and CHCl3
Substance:

Aloe-emodin (RF-00003670-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.69
Internal remarks:

Aloe-emodin

Composition #12: Olennikov, D. N., Ibragimov, T. A., Chelombit'ko, V. A., Nazarova, A. V., Rokhin, A. V., Zilfikarov, I. N. Chemical composition of Aloe arborescens and its change by biostimulation . chemistry of natural compounds, 2009, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 478–482. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9405-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol and CHCl3
Substance:

aloenin (RF-00003671-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

312.34
Internal remarks:

aloenin

Composition #13: Olennikov, D. N., Ibragimov, T. A., Chelombit'ko, V. A., Nazarova, A. V., Rokhin, A. V., Zilfikarov, I. N. Chemical composition of Aloe arborescens and its change by biostimulation . chemistry of natural compounds, 2009, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 478–482. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9405-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol and CHCl3
Substance:

aloin B (RF-00003673-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

80.96
Internal remarks:

aloin B

Endpoint study #1: Matsuda, Yoko., Yokohira, Masanao., Suzuki, Satoshi., Hosokawa, Kyoko., Yamakawa, Keiko., Zeng, Yu., Ninomiya, Fumiko., Saoo, Kousuke., Kuno, Toshiya., Imaida, Katsumi. One-year chronic toxicity study of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger in Wistar Hannover rats. A pilot study . food and chemical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 733–739. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.107. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Whole leaf powder of Aloe arborescens Mill var. natalensis Berger was added directly to the powdered basal diet at concentrations of 0%, 0.16%, 0.8%, and 4.0%, which was then pelleted
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Year (G207A)
Number of organisms dosed:

86
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

4
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Diarrhea and reduced body weight gain were observed in both sexes receiving 4.0%
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food efficiency (CHD021BE)
Internal remarks:

Diarrhea and reduced body weight gain

Endpoint study #2: Matsuda, Yoko., Yokohira, Masanao., Suzuki, Satoshi., Hosokawa, Kyoko., Yamakawa, Keiko., Zeng, Yu., Ninomiya, Fumiko., Saoo, Kousuke., Kuno, Toshiya., Imaida, Katsumi. One-year chronic toxicity study of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger in Wistar Hannover rats. A pilot study . food and chemical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 733–739. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.107. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Whole leaf powder of Aloe arborescens Mill var. natalensis Berger was added directly to the powdered basal diet at concentrations of 0%, 0.16%, 0.8%, and 4.0%, which was then pelleted
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Year (G207A)
Number of organisms dosed:

86
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

4
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

The WBC was significantly increased in the male 4.0% group. Hb was significantly decreased in the female 4.0% and 0.8% groups. The female 4.0% group also showed significant decrease in Ca, inorganic phosphorus (IP), and ALT
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

increase of WBC, decrease of Hb, Ca and inorganic phosphorus (IP)

Endpoint study #3: Matsuda, Yoko., Yokohira, Masanao., Suzuki, Satoshi., Hosokawa, Kyoko., Yamakawa, Keiko., Zeng, Yu., Ninomiya, Fumiko., Saoo, Kousuke., Kuno, Toshiya., Imaida, Katsumi. One-year chronic toxicity study of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger in Wistar Hannover rats. A pilot study . food and chemical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 733–739. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.107. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Whole leaf powder of Aloe arborescens Mill var. natalensis Berger was added directly to the powdered basal diet at concentrations of 0%, 0.16%, 0.8%, and 4.0%, which was then pelleted
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Year (G207A)
Number of organisms dosed:

86
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

4
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Lymph Nodes (TT013A)
Effect description:

Severe sinus dilatation of ileocecal lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph nodes, and yellow– brown pigmentation in the lymph nodes observed both sexes in 4% groups
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Severe sinus dilatation of ileocecal lymph nodes

Endpoint study #4: Matsuda, Yoko., Yokohira, Masanao., Suzuki, Satoshi., Hosokawa, Kyoko., Yamakawa, Keiko., Zeng, Yu., Ninomiya, Fumiko., Saoo, Kousuke., Kuno, Toshiya., Imaida, Katsumi. One-year chronic toxicity study of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger in Wistar Hannover rats. A pilot study . food and chemical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 733–739. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.107. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Whole leaf powder of Aloe arborescens Mill var. natalensis Berger was added directly to the powdered basal diet at concentrations of 0%, 0.16%, 0.8%, and 4.0%, which was then pelleted
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Year (G207A)
Number of organisms dosed:

86
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

4
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

increased yellow–brown pigmentation in the renal tubule
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

increased yellow–brown pigmentation in the renal tubule