EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Family:: Simaroubaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1352
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: aristololactam #2: tetrahydropalmatine #3: carboline alkaloids (1-methoxy-canthin-6-one and derivatives) in roots and leaves #4: Canthin-6-one and derivatives #5: two lignans in bark #6: scopoletin #7: ailanthone, chaparrine, and ailanthinol B (quassinoid derivatives) in root #8: carboline alkaloid - 1-methoxycanthin-6-on - root #9: quassinoid ailanthon in bark and foliage

Endpoint Studies

#1: Nephrotoxicity of chloroform extract of root (The toxicities were revealed as the increase of urea nitrogen amount in blood and lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities in urine and the decrease of the concentration of glutathione and both of protein bound and non-protein bound -SH in kidney tissue) #2: Bark extract in rats shows anti-fertility activity by inhibiting implantation and abortifacient action.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Mo, Xiao-yu., Mai, Jing-biao. Chemical constituents of ethyl acetate extract from Ailanthus altissima.. zhongguo shiyan fangjixue zazhi, 2013, vol. 19, no. 16, p. 136–138. .

Language:

English (en)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethyl acetate extract
Substance:

indole alkaloids (RF-00004503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

aristololactam
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aristololactam

Composition #2: Mo, Xiao-yu., Mai, Jing-biao. Chemical constituents of ethyl acetate extract from Ailanthus altissima.. zhongguo shiyan fangjixue zazhi, 2013, vol. 19, no. 16, p. 136–138. .

Language:

English (en)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethyl acetate extract
Substance:

palmatine (RF-00003971-PAR)
Additional substance description:

tetrahydropalmatine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tetrahydropalmatine

Composition #3: Peduto, A., Filosa, R., De Caprariis, P., De Feo, V., Li, S., Wang, P., De Martino, L. 1-methoxy-canthin-6-one and related β-carbolines: From natural compound to synthesis and biological activities. studies in natural products chemistry, 2012, vol. 38, p. 81–104. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59530-0.00004-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

carboline alkaloids (RF-00004384-PAR)
Additional substance description:

1-methoxy-canthin-6-one and derivatives
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

carboline alkaloids (1-methoxy-canthin-6-one and derivatives) in roots and leaves

Composition #4: Kim, Hye Mi., Sezirahiga, Jurdas., Choi, Jung-Hye., Jang, Dae Sik., Lee, Jin Su., Jeong, Miran., Choi, Jung-Hye., Jang, Dae Sik., Kwon, Jaeyoung., Lee, Dongho. A New Canthinone-Type Alkaloid Isolated from Ailanthus altissima Swingle. molecules (basel, switzerland), 2016, vol. 21, no. 5 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH (70%)
Substance:

canthin-6-one (RF-00003726-PAR)
Additional substance description:

and derivatives
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Canthin-6-one and derivatives

Composition #5: Kim, Hye Mi., Sezirahiga, Jurdas., Choi, Jung-Hye., Jang, Dae Sik., Lee, Jin Su., Jeong, Miran., Choi, Jung-Hye., Jang, Dae Sik., Kwon, Jaeyoung., Lee, Dongho. A New Canthinone-Type Alkaloid Isolated from Ailanthus altissima Swingle. molecules (basel, switzerland), 2016, vol. 21, no. 5 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH (70%)
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

ficusesquilignan B
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

two lignans in bark

Composition #6: Kim, Hye Mi., Sezirahiga, Jurdas., Choi, Jung-Hye., Jang, Dae Sik., Lee, Jin Su., Jeong, Miran., Choi, Jung-Hye., Jang, Dae Sik., Kwon, Jaeyoung., Lee, Dongho. A New Canthinone-Type Alkaloid Isolated from Ailanthus altissima Swingle. molecules (basel, switzerland), 2016, vol. 21, no. 5 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH (70%)
Substance:

scopoletin (RF-00004048-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

scopoletin

Composition #7: De Feo, V., De Martino, L., Quaranta, E., Pizza, C. Isolation of phytotoxic compounds from tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima Swingle) . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2003, vol. 51, no. 5, p. 1177–1180. DOI: 10.1021/jf020686+. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

quassinoids (RF-00004311-PAR)
Additional substance description:

ailanthone, chaparrine, and ailanthinol B (quassinoid derivatives)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

ailanthone, chaparrine, and ailanthinol B (quassinoid derivatives) in root

Composition #8: De Feo, V., De Martino, L., Quaranta, E., Pizza, C. Isolation of phytotoxic compounds from tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima Swingle) . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2003, vol. 51, no. 5, p. 1177–1180. DOI: 10.1021/jf020686+. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH extract
Substance:

carboline alkaloids (RF-00004384-PAR)
Additional substance description:

1-methoxycanthin-6-on
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

carboline alkaloid - 1-methoxycanthin-6-on - root

Composition #9: Heisey, RM. Identification of an allelopathic compound from Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) and characterization of its herbicidal activity . american journal of botany, 1996, vol. 83, no. 2, p. 192–200. DOI: 10.2307/2445938. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Additional extraction description:

root bark and foliage
Substance:

quassinoids (RF-00004311-PAR)
Additional substance description:

ailanthone, Mw 376
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

quassinoid ailanthon in bark and foliage

Endpoint study #1: Kim, J., Kim, H., Park, S.W., Choi, J.-W., Lee, C.K. Studies on the biologic activities of the constituents of Ailanthi Cortex Radicis (II) - Acute and renal toxicity of chloroform fraction. korean journal of pharmacognosy, 1994, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 140–143. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

chloroform
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

increase of urea nitrogen amount in blood, lactate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyltransferase activities in urine, the decrease of the concentration of glutathione, both of protein bound,non-protein bound -SH in kidney tissue
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Nephrotoxicity of chloroform extract of root (The toxicities were revealed as the increase of urea nitrogen amount in blood and lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities in urine and the decrease of the concentration of glutathione and both of protein bound and non-protein bound -SH in kidney tissue)

Endpoint study #2: Mani, M., Rathore, D.S. Pharmacological evaluation of anti-fertility effect of stem bark of ailanthus Altissima in wistar albino rats. research journal of pharmacy and technology, 2016, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 497–500. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00092.5. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

significant anti-fertility activity by inhibiting implantation and abortificnant action
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Bark extract in rats shows anti-fertility activity by inhibiting implantation and abortifacient action.