EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Agave americana L.

Family:: Asparagaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 628
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: hecogenin in the leaves #2: hecogenin in leaves #3: pregnane glycoside in fermented leaves #4: steroidal saponins in leaves #5: total saponins in sap #6: saponin glycosides in sap

Endpoint Studies

#1: anorexia, hyperaemia of mucosa; liver light #2: paralysation

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Davila, C. A., Panizo, F. Martin. National sources of steroids. VIII. Sapogenins of Asparagus acutifolius, Asparagus stipularis, Agave americana, Yucca gloriosa, and Ruscus aculeatus.. anales de la real sociedad espanola de fisica y quimica, serie b: quimica, 1958, vol. 54B, p. 697–704. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

hecogenin (RF-00003415-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.6-2.6
Internal remarks:

hecogenin in the leaves

Composition #2: Kim, C.M., Son, K.H., Kim, S.H., Kim, H.P. Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants. archives of pharmacal research, 1991, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 305–310. DOI: 10.1007/BF02876875. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

hecogenin (RF-00003415-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.22-3.97
Internal remarks:

hecogenin in leaves

Composition #3: Jin, JM., Liu, XK., Yang, CR. A new pregnane glycoside from fermented leaves of Agave americana. chinese chemical letters, 2002, vol. 13, no. 12, p. 1189–1192. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

pregnane derivatives (RF-00004313-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in fermented leaves
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel columnchromatographies, NMR,
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pregnane glycoside in fermented leaves

Composition #4: Jin, JM., Zhang, YJ., Yang, CR. Four new steroid constituents from the waste residue of fibre separation from Agave americana leaves . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2004, vol. 52, no. 6, p. 654–658. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.654. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

steroidal saponins (RF-00010818-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Agamenoside H to J
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel column, NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

steroidal saponins in leaves

Composition #5: Maria Leal-Diaz, Ana., Santos-Zea, Liliana., Cecilia Martinez-Escobedo, Hilda., Guajardo-Flores, Daniel., Alejandra Gutierrez-Uribe, Janet., Othon Sema-Saldivar, Sergio. Effect of Agave americana and Agave salmiana Ripeness on Saponin Content from Aguamiel (Agave Sap) . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2015, vol. 63, no. 15, p. 3924–3930. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00883. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Sap (as part-nature) (A166V)
Additional extraction description:

mixture with n-butanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

total saponins (in mature/ immature plant stage)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC/ESI-MS/TOF, HPLC/ELSD
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

60.5-179
Internal remarks:

total saponins in sap

Composition #6: Maria Leal-Diaz, Ana., Santos-Zea, Liliana., Cecilia Martinez-Escobedo, Hilda., Guajardo-Flores, Daniel., Alejandra Gutierrez-Uribe, Janet., Othon Sema-Saldivar, Sergio. Effect of Agave americana and Agave salmiana Ripeness on Saponin Content from Aguamiel (Agave Sap) . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2015, vol. 63, no. 15, p. 3924–3930. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00883. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Sap (as part-nature) (A166V)
Additional extraction description:

mixture with n-butanol
Substance:

saponin glycosides saponin glycosides (RF-00004318-PAR)
Additional substance description:

hecogenin, manogenin, kammogenin and gentrogenin glycosides
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC/ESI-MS/TOF, HPLC/ELSD
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponin glycosides in sap

Endpoint study #1: Steyn, Douw G. Recent investigations into the toxicity of known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of South Africa. XVI.. onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1950, vol. 24, p. 53–6. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

fresh juice
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

Not reported (CHDXXXST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millilitre (G156A)
Effect concentration:

600
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

anorexia, listless,hyperaemia of the gastric mucosa; liver very light in colour.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

anorexia, hyperaemia of mucosa; liver light

Endpoint study #2: Steyn, Douw G. Recent investigations into the toxicity of known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of South Africa. XVI.. onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1950, vol. 24, p. 53–6. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

fresh juice
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

Not reported (CHDXXXST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millilitre (G156A)
Effect concentration:

600
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

paralysation in the hindquarters on third day
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mobility (CHD011BE)
Internal remarks:

paralysation