EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Aframomum melegueta K.Schum. // Amomum melegueta Rosc.

Family:: Zingiberaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 252
Number of processed references:: 11

Compositions

#1: cineol in seed #2: myrcene in seed #3: Phenylpropenoids : myristicine in seeds #4: pyrolizidine alkaloids: senkirkine in seeds #5: pyrolizidine alkaloids: indicine in seeds #6: quinolizidine alkaloids: lupanine in seeds #7: quinolizidine alkaloids: angustifoline in seeds #8: pyrolizidine alkaloids: lupanine in seeds #9: Phenylpropenoids : safrole in seeds #10: monoterpenoid indole alkaloid 10,12-dihydroxy-18-ethenyl-4-pyrido-β-carboline - leaves #11: Presence of gingerols: [6]-paradol (35.1 and 13.3%), [6]-shogaol (21.5 and 6.1%), [6]-gingerdione (9.8 and 28.0%), α-humulene (10.5 and 7.2%) and [6]-gingerol (1.3 and 10.0%) #12: alpha-phellandrene in all plant parts #13: 1,8-cineol in all plant parts #14: 6-gingerol - seeds #15: 6-shogaol - seeds #16: (–)-arctigenin - root #17: shogaol - fruit #18: 6-gingerol - fruit

Endpoint Studies

#1: discontinuation of pregnancy in rats #2: the adverse ocular effects - seeds #3: A dose-related increase in absolute and relative liver weights was observed in males and females dosed with 450 and 1500 mg/kg with a corresponding increase in alkaline phosphatase suggesting hepatoxicity at large doses. #4: oral ingestion increases energy expenditure through the activation of Brown adipose tissue in human subjects - seeds #5: inhibitory effects against a-amylase in vitro, antidiabetic activity. #6: inhibitory effects against a-glucosidase in vitro, antidiabetic activity.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Ameh, Sunday J., Ibekwe, Nneka N., Ebeshi, Benjamin U. Essential Oils in Ginger, Hops, Cloves, and Pepper Flavored Beverages-A Review . journal of dietary supplements, 2015, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 241–260. DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.952858. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

distillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cineol in seed

Composition #2: Ameh, Sunday J., Ibekwe, Nneka N., Ebeshi, Benjamin U. Essential Oils in Ginger, Hops, Cloves, and Pepper Flavored Beverages-A Review . journal of dietary supplements, 2015, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 241–260. DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.952858. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

distillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

myrcene in seed

Composition #3: Adefegha, Stephen A., Oboh, Ganiyu., Okeke, Bathlomew M., Oyeleye, Sunday I. Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction . journal of dietary supplements, 2017, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 542–552. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol and 10% acetic acid
Substance:

myristicin (RF-00003941-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Phenylpropenoids : myristicine
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phenylpropenoids : myristicine in seeds

Composition #4: Adefegha, Stephen A., Oboh, Ganiyu., Okeke, Bathlomew M., Oyeleye, Sunday I. Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction . journal of dietary supplements, 2017, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 542–552. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol and 10% acetic acid
Substance:

Senkirkine (RF-00000300-TOX)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pyrolizidine alkaloids: senkirkine in seeds

Composition #5: Adefegha, Stephen A., Oboh, Ganiyu., Okeke, Bathlomew M., Oyeleye, Sunday I. Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction . journal of dietary supplements, 2017, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 542–552. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol and 10% acetic acid
Substance:

Indicine (RF-00000284-TOX)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pyrolizidine alkaloids: indicine in seeds

Composition #6: Adefegha, Stephen A., Oboh, Ganiyu., Okeke, Bathlomew M., Oyeleye, Sunday I. Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction . journal of dietary supplements, 2017, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 542–552. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol and 10% acetic acid
Substance:

Lupanine (RF-00003910-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

quinolizidine alkaloids: lupanine in seeds

Composition #7: Adefegha, Stephen A., Oboh, Ganiyu., Okeke, Bathlomew M., Oyeleye, Sunday I. Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction . journal of dietary supplements, 2017, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 542–552. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol and 10% acetic acid
Substance:

Angustifoline (RF-00004806-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

quinolizidine alkaloids: angustifoline in seeds

Composition #8: Adefegha, Stephen A., Oboh, Ganiyu., Okeke, Bathlomew M., Oyeleye, Sunday I. Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction . journal of dietary supplements, 2017, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 542–552. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol and 10% acetic acid
Substance:

Lupanine (RF-00003910-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pyrolizidine alkaloids: lupanine in seeds

Composition #9: Adefegha, Stephen A., Oboh, Ganiyu., Okeke, Bathlomew M., Oyeleye, Sunday I. Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction . journal of dietary supplements, 2017, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 542–552. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol and 10% acetic acid
Substance:

Safrole (RF-00003651-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Phenylpropenoids : safrole
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phenylpropenoids : safrole in seeds

Composition #10: Okwu, Donatus Ebere., Njoku, Eunice Ego. Monoterpene indole alkaloid from Aframomum melegueta.. international journal of pharmtech research, 2010, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 910–913. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

extracted exhaustively with chloroform
Substance:

carboline alkaloids (RF-00004384-PAR)
Additional substance description:

monoterpenoid indole alkaloid 10,12-dihydroxy-18-ethenyl-4-pyrido-β-carboline
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

monoterpenoid indole alkaloid 10,12-dihydroxy-18-ethenyl-4-pyrido-β-carboline - leaves

Composition #11: Fernandez, X., Pintaric, C., Lizzani-Cuvelier, L., Loiseau, AM., Morello, A., Pellerin, P. Chemical composition of absolute and supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Aframomum melegueta . flavour and fragrance journal, 2006, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 162–165. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1554. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

co2
Substance:

6-gingerol (RF-00003650-PAR)
Additional substance description:

[6]-paradol (35.1 and 13.3%), [6]-shogaol (21.5 and 6.1%), [6]-gingerdione (9.8 and 28.0%), α-humulene (10.5 and 7.2%) and [6]-gingerol (1.3 and 10.0%)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Presence of gingerols: [6]-paradol (35.1 and 13.3%), [6]-shogaol (21.5 and 6.1%), [6]-gingerdione (9.8 and 28.0%), α-humulene (10.5 and 7.2%) and [6]-gingerol (1.3 and 10.0%)

Composition #12: Martin, M. A. Couppe de K., Joseph, H., Bercion, S., Menut, C. Chemical composition of essential oils from aerial parts of Aframomum exscapum (Sims) Hepper collected in Guadeloupe, French West Indies . flavour and fragrance journal, 2006, vol. 21, no. 6, p. 902–905. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1741. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

distillation
Substance:

alpha-Phellandrene (RF-00009962-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.5-1.5
Internal remarks:

alpha-phellandrene in all plant parts

Composition #13: Martin, M. A. Couppe de K., Joseph, H., Bercion, S., Menut, C. Chemical composition of essential oils from aerial parts of Aframomum exscapum (Sims) Hepper collected in Guadeloupe, French West Indies . flavour and fragrance journal, 2006, vol. 21, no. 6, p. 902–905. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1741. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

distillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

47-86
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineol in all plant parts

Composition #14: Sugita, Jun., Yoneshiro, Takeshi., Hatano, Takuya., Aita, Sayuri., Ikemoto, Takeshi., Uchiwa, Hideyo., Iwanaga, Toshihiko., Kameya, Toshimitsu., Kawai, Yuko., Saito, Masayuki. Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men . british journal of nutrition, 2013, vol. 110, no. 4, p. 733–738. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512005715. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH extract
Substance:

6-gingerol (RF-00003650-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

15.2
Internal remarks:

6-gingerol - seeds

Composition #15: Sugita, Jun., Yoneshiro, Takeshi., Hatano, Takuya., Aita, Sayuri., Ikemoto, Takeshi., Uchiwa, Hideyo., Iwanaga, Toshihiko., Kameya, Toshimitsu., Kawai, Yuko., Saito, Masayuki. Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men . british journal of nutrition, 2013, vol. 110, no. 4, p. 733–738. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512005715. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH extract
Substance:

shogaols (RF-00004372-PAR)
Additional substance description:

6-shogaol
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.7
Internal remarks:

6-shogaol - seeds

Composition #16: Dibwe, Dya Fita., Awale, Suresh., Morita, Hiroyuki., Tezuka, Yasuhiro. Anti-austeritic Constituents of the Congolese Medicinal Plant Aframomum melegueta . natural product communications, 2015, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 997–999. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

CHCl3 extract of the roots
Substance:

Arctigenin (RF-00011084-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.5
Internal remarks:

(–)-arctigenin - root

Composition #17: Mohammeda, Aminu., Gbonjubola, Victoria Awolola., Koorbanally, Neil Anthony., Islam, Shahidul. Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes by compounds isolated from Aframomum melegueta fruit . pharmaceutical biology, 2017, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 1010–1016. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1286358. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

The EtOAc fraction
Substance:

shogaols (RF-00004372-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

shogaol - fruit

Composition #18: Mohammeda, Aminu., Gbonjubola, Victoria Awolola., Koorbanally, Neil Anthony., Islam, Shahidul. Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes by compounds isolated from Aframomum melegueta fruit . pharmaceutical biology, 2017, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 1010–1016. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1286358. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

The EtOAc fraction
Substance:

6-gingerol (RF-00003650-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

6-gingerol - fruit

Endpoint study #1: Inegbenebor, U., Ebomoyi, M I., Onyia, K A., Amadi, K., Aigbiremolen, A E. Effect of alligator pepper (Zingiberaceae aframomum melegueta) on first trimester pregnancy in Sprague Dawley rats. . nigerian journal of physiological sciences : official publication of the physiological society of nigeria, 2009, vol. 24, no. 2, p. 161–4. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Additional plant/substance description:

ALLIGATOR PEPPER
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

25.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Effect concentration:

50
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Vagina (TT053A)
Effect description:

female rats in the experimental group did not litter at all, does not keep or nurture pregnancy, presence of copious blood stained vaginal discharge
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

discontinuation of pregnancy in rats

Endpoint study #2: Igwe, SA., Emeruwa, IC., Modie, JA. Ocular toxicity of Afromomum melegueta (alligator pepper) on healthy Igbos of Nigeria . journal of ethnopharmacology, 1999, vol. 65, no. 3, p. 203–206. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00188-3. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Exposure duration:

20.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Minute (G074A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

0.35
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

0.35 g seeds, male Igbos age 30–35 and body weight 60–68 kg, reduced the amplitude of accommodation by 9.2% without affecting the pupil size and the visual acuity, leads to doubling of vision while the reduction or loss of accommodation
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

the adverse ocular effects - seeds

Endpoint study #3: Ilic, Nebojsa., Schmidt, Barbara M., Poulev, Alexander., Raskin, Ilya. Toxicological evaluation of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta) Roscoe K. Schum. . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2010, vol. 127, no. 2, p. 352–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.031. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

50
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

450
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

A dose-related increase in absolute and relative liver weights in rats dosed with 450 and 1500 mg/kg; corresponding increase in alkaline phosphatase.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

A dose-related increase in absolute and relative liver weights was observed in males and females dosed with 450 and 1500 mg/kg with a corresponding increase in alkaline phosphatase suggesting hepatoxicity at large doses.

Endpoint study #4: Sugita, Jun., Yoneshiro, Takeshi., Hatano, Takuya., Aita, Sayuri., Ikemoto, Takeshi., Uchiwa, Hideyo., Iwanaga, Toshihiko., Kameya, Toshimitsu., Kawai, Yuko., Saito, Masayuki. Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men . british journal of nutrition, 2013, vol. 110, no. 4, p. 733–738. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512005715. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

seeds soaked for 95% ethanol (6-gingerol (15•2 %),6-paradol (12•5 %), 6-shogaol (1•7 %) and 6-gingeredione (4•0 %))
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: CAPSULE (OECD2228PL)
Exposure duration:

4.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

19
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Effect concentration:

40
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

oral ingestion increases energy expenditure through the activation of Brown adipose tissue in human subjects
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

oral ingestion increases energy expenditure through the activation of Brown adipose tissue in human subjects - seeds

Endpoint study #5: Mohammeda, Aminu., Gbonjubola, Victoria Awolola., Koorbanally, Neil Anthony., Islam, Shahidul. Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes by compounds isolated from Aframomum melegueta fruit . pharmaceutical biology, 2017, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 1010–1016. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1286358. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

6-gingerol (RF-00003650-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Millimole (G115A)
Effect concentration:

0.08957-0.07399
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

inhibitory effects against a-amylase in vitro, antidiabetic activity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

inhibitory effects against a-amylase in vitro, antidiabetic activity.

Endpoint study #6: Mohammeda, Aminu., Gbonjubola, Victoria Awolola., Koorbanally, Neil Anthony., Islam, Shahidul. Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes by compounds isolated from Aframomum melegueta fruit . pharmaceutical biology, 2017, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 1010–1016. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1286358. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

6-gingerol (RF-00003650-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Millimole (G115A)
Effect concentration:

0.0211-22
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

inhibitory effects against a-glucosidase in vitro, antidiabetic activity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

inhibitory effects against a-glucosidase in vitro, antidiabetic activity.