EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Prickly chafflower (as plant) // Achyranthes aspera L.

Family:: Amaranthaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1389
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: oxalates in leaves #2: Tannins in roots #3: Saponins in roots #4: Alkaloids in roots

Endpoint Studies

#1: case report of general toxicity of leaves (oxalates content) in grazing livestock : bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, conjunctivitis, light icterus of subcutaneous cellular tissue, friable liver with moderate icterus, urinary bladder #2: antifertility and antiestrogenic effects in female rats, reduction in reproductive organ weights, number of implants- transient effects #3: anti-implantation and estrogenic activity in rats #4: Dose-related (transient) cardiovascular toxicity

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Sanchez Perere, Lic Luz Ma., Alfonso, H. A., Noa, M., Angeles Figueredo, Ma., Gomez, B. C. Intoxication due to achyrantes aspera L. veterinary and human toxicology, 1995, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 582–582. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Rodrigez Mejia et al. method
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.5
Internal remarks:

oxalates in leaves

Composition #2: Gawande, Dinesh Y., Druzhiloysky, Dmitry., Gupta, Raghbir Chand., Poroikov, Vladimir., Goel, Rajesh Kumar. Anticonvulsant activity and acute neurotoxic profile of Achyranthes aspera Linn. . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2017, vol. 202, p. 97–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.018. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in roots

Composition #3: Gawande, Dinesh Y., Druzhiloysky, Dmitry., Gupta, Raghbir Chand., Poroikov, Vladimir., Goel, Rajesh Kumar. Anticonvulsant activity and acute neurotoxic profile of Achyranthes aspera Linn. . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2017, vol. 202, p. 97–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.018. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in roots

Composition #4: Gawande, Dinesh Y., Druzhiloysky, Dmitry., Gupta, Raghbir Chand., Poroikov, Vladimir., Goel, Rajesh Kumar. Anticonvulsant activity and acute neurotoxic profile of Achyranthes aspera Linn. . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2017, vol. 202, p. 97–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.018. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in roots

Endpoint study #1: Sanchez Perere, Lic Luz Ma., Alfonso, H. A., Noa, M., Angeles Figueredo, Ma., Gomez, B. C. Intoxication due to achyrantes aspera L. veterinary and human toxicology, 1995, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 582–582. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

in grazing livestock : bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, conjunctivitis, light icterus of subcutaneous cellular tissue, friable liver with moderate icterus, urinary bladder
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

case report of general toxicity of leaves (oxalates content) in grazing livestock : bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, conjunctivitis, light icterus of subcutaneous cellular tissue, friable liver with moderate icterus, urinary bladder

Endpoint study #2: Gurumani, M., Balamurugan, K. Evaluation of antifertility potential of ethanolic extract of whole plant of achyranthes aspera in female albino rats. international journal of current pharmaceutical review and research, 2014, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 31–36. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

antifertility and antiestrogenic effects in female rats, reduction in reproductive organ weights, number of implants- transient effects
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

antifertility and antiestrogenic effects in female rats, reduction in reproductive organ weights, number of implants- transient effects

Endpoint study #3: Vasudeva, Neeru., Sharma, S K. Estrogenic and pregnancy interceptory effects of Achyranthes aspera Linn. root. . african journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : ajtcam, 2006, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7–11. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, water
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

200
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

anti-implantation and estrogenic activity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

anti-implantation and estrogenic activity in rats

Endpoint study #4: Han, ST., Lin, CC. Cardiac toxicity caused by Achyranthes aspera. veterinary and human toxicology, 2003, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 212–213. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Decoction
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millilitre (G156A)
Effect concentration:

1000
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Hypotension and bradycardia; Dose-related transient cardiovascular toxicity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Dose-related (transient) cardiovascular toxicity