EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Yarrow (as plant) // Achillea millefolium L.

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2838
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: coumarins (scopolietin; umbelliferone and aesculetin) #2: 1,8-cineol (3,25%) in leaves #3: guaianolides in aerial parts #4: Germacranolide in aerial parts #5: artemisia ketone in aerial parts #6: 1,8-cineole in aerial parts #7: Alpha-thujone in aerial parts #8: Beta-thujone in aerial parts #9: Camphor in aerial parts #10: beta-myrcene in flowers essential oil #11: Piperitone in the aerial part #12: artemisia ketone in aerial parts #13: Alpha-thujone in aerial parts #14: 1,8-cineole in aerial parts

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

#1: Recombinogenic activity of essential oil in diploid cells of Aspergillus nidulans #2: Chromsome abberation and reduction of mitotic index in plant cells

Composition #1: Ahmed, Kh. M., El-Din, S. S., Abdel Wahab, S., El-Khrisy, E. A. M. Study of the coumarin and volatile oil composition from aerial parts of Achillea millefolium L . pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research, 2001, vol. 44, no. 4, p. 218–222. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

90% ethanol
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

scopoletin, umbelliferone and aesculetin
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coumarins (scopolietin; umbelliferone and aesculetin)

Composition #2: Ahmed, Kh. M., El-Din, S. S., Abdel Wahab, S., El-Khrisy, E. A. M. Study of the coumarin and volatile oil composition from aerial parts of Achillea millefolium L . pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research, 2001, vol. 44, no. 4, p. 218–222. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC*GC/MS (F690A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.25
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineol (3,25%) in leaves

Composition #3: Glasl, S., Mucaji, P., Werner, I., Presser, A., Jurenitsch, J. Sesquiterpenes and flavonoid aglycones from a Hungarian taxon of the Achillea millefolium group . zeitschrift fur naturforschung c-a journal of biosciences, 2002, vol. 57, no. 11-12, p. 976–982. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

CHCl3 - MeOH - methylethylketone
Substance:

guaianolides (RF-00010821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

guaianolides in aerial parts

Composition #4: Glasl, S., Mucaji, P., Werner, I., Presser, A., Jurenitsch, J. Sesquiterpenes and flavonoid aglycones from a Hungarian taxon of the Achillea millefolium group . zeitschrift fur naturforschung c-a journal of biosciences, 2002, vol. 57, no. 11-12, p. 976–982. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

CHCl3 - MeOH - methylethylketone
Substance:

Germacranolide (RF-00011355-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Germacranolide in aerial parts

Composition #5: Orav, Anne., Arak, Elmar., Raal, Ain. Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European Countries . natural product research, 2006, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 1082–1088. DOI: 10.1080/14786410500510849. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

artemisia ketone (RF-00004157-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0-12.6
Internal remarks:

artemisia ketone in aerial parts

Composition #6: Orav, Anne., Arak, Elmar., Raal, Ain. Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European Countries . natural product research, 2006, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 1082–1088. DOI: 10.1080/14786410500510849. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.8 - 20.3
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in aerial parts

Composition #7: Orav, Anne., Arak, Elmar., Raal, Ain. Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European Countries . natural product research, 2006, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 1082–1088. DOI: 10.1080/14786410500510849. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0-26.6
Internal remarks:

Alpha-thujone in aerial parts

Composition #8: Orav, Anne., Arak, Elmar., Raal, Ain. Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European Countries . natural product research, 2006, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 1082–1088. DOI: 10.1080/14786410500510849. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

beta-thujone (RF-00003712-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0 - 11
Internal remarks:

Beta-thujone in aerial parts

Composition #9: Orav, Anne., Arak, Elmar., Raal, Ain. Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European Countries . natural product research, 2006, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 1082–1088. DOI: 10.1080/14786410500510849. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1 - 24.5
Internal remarks:

Camphor in aerial parts

Composition #10: de Sant'Anna, Juliane Rocha., da Silva Franco, Claudineia Conationi., Miyamoto, Claudia Tiemi., Cunico, Miriam Machado., Miguel, Obdulio Gomes., Cocco, Lilian Cristina., Yamamoto, Carlos Itsuo., Correa Junior, Cirino., Alves de Castro-Prado, Marialba Avezum. Genotoxicity of Achillea millefolium Essential Oil in Diploid Cells of Aspergillus nidulans . phytotherapy research, 2009, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 231–235. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2596. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

beta-myrcene
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.19
Internal remarks:

beta-myrcene in flowers essential oil

Composition #11: Ebadollahi, Asgar., Jalali-Sendi, Jalal., Razmjou, Jabraeil. Toxicity and phytochemical profile of essential oil from Iranian Achillea mellifolium L. against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) . toxin reviews, 2016, vol. 35, no. 1-2, p. 24–28. DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2016.1143511. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydrodistillation
Substance:

l-Piperitone (RF-00007699-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12.79
Internal remarks:

Piperitone in the aerial part

Composition #12: Ebadollahi, Asgar., Jalali-Sendi, Jalal., Razmjou, Jabraeil. Toxicity and phytochemical profile of essential oil from Iranian Achillea mellifolium L. against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) . toxin reviews, 2016, vol. 35, no. 1-2, p. 24–28. DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2016.1143511. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

artemisia ketone (RF-00004157-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.48
Internal remarks:

artemisia ketone in aerial parts

Composition #13: Ebadollahi, Asgar., Jalali-Sendi, Jalal., Razmjou, Jabraeil. Toxicity and phytochemical profile of essential oil from Iranian Achillea mellifolium L. against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) . toxin reviews, 2016, vol. 35, no. 1-2, p. 24–28. DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2016.1143511. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.08
Internal remarks:

Alpha-thujone in aerial parts

Composition #14: Ebadollahi, Asgar., Jalali-Sendi, Jalal., Razmjou, Jabraeil. Toxicity and phytochemical profile of essential oil from Iranian Achillea mellifolium L. against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) . toxin reviews, 2016, vol. 35, no. 1-2, p. 24–28. DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2016.1143511. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.70
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in aerial parts

Genotox #1: de Sant'Anna, Juliane Rocha., da Silva Franco, Claudineia Conationi., Miyamoto, Claudia Tiemi., Cunico, Miriam Machado., Miguel, Obdulio Gomes., Cocco, Lilian Cristina., Yamamoto, Carlos Itsuo., Correa Junior, Cirino., Alves de Castro-Prado, Marialba Avezum. Genotoxicity of Achillea millefolium Essential Oil in Diploid Cells of Aspergillus nidulans . phytotherapy research, 2009, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 231–235. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2596. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Other (A07XE)
Strain of test organism:

Strain P Aspergillus nidulans (CHD119ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Endpoint measured:

genome mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Increased the number of diploid segregants when compared with the control
Internal remarks:

Recombinogenic activity of essential oil in diploid cells of Aspergillus nidulans
Internal ID:

WOS:000263318100014

Genotox #2: Sousa, Saulo M., Viccini, Lyderson F. Cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of Achillea millefolium aqueous extracts . revista brasileira de farmacognosia-brazilian journal of pharmacognosy, 2011, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 98–104. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000022. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Other (A07XE)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

the highest concentration of aqueous extracts reduced the mitotic index (MI), the extract induced also the chromosome aberration and cellular death in the root cells of L. sativa.
Internal remarks:

Chromsome abberation and reduction of mitotic index in plant cells
Internal ID:

WOS:000289152900017