EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Nettle (as plant) // Urtica dioica L. // Urtica spp.

Family:: Urticaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 3176
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Alkaloids #2: Anthraquinones #3: Tannins #4: Naphthalene #5: Furan derivatives (3,4-Dimethyl-5-pentylidene-2(5H)-furanon)e #6: Eugenol #7: Carvone #8: Lectins

Endpoint Studies

#1: Alpha-glucosidase inhibition (rabbit liver) IC50

Genotoxicity

#1: The essential oil increased chromosomal aberration rates in human lymphocyte cells. #2: The essential oil increased micronucleas frequency in human lymphocytes. #3: The prepared tea is weakly mutagenic in the Somatic Mutation and Recombination test in Drosophilia melanogaster. #4: Increased DNA strand breaks in human lymphocytes after exposure to an aqueous extract of the herb and fractions of the extract in the COMET assay

Composition #1: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #2: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anthraquinones

Composition #3: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #4: Gul, Suleyman., Demirci, Betul., Baser, Kemal Husnu Can., Akpulat, H. Askin., Aksu, Pinar. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic Effects of Essential Oil from Urtica dioica L.. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, 2012, vol. 88, no. 5, p. 666–671. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0535-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Naphthalene (RF-0801-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.9
Internal remarks:

Naphthalene

Composition #5: Gul, Suleyman., Demirci, Betul., Baser, Kemal Husnu Can., Akpulat, H. Askin., Aksu, Pinar. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic Effects of Essential Oil from Urtica dioica L.. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, 2012, vol. 88, no. 5, p. 666–671. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0535-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

furan derivatives (RF-00004396-PAR)
Additional substance description:

3,4-Dimethyl-5-pentylidene-2(5H)-furanone
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.4
Internal remarks:

Furan derivatives (3,4-Dimethyl-5-pentylidene-2(5H)-furanon)e

Composition #6: Gul, Suleyman., Demirci, Betul., Baser, Kemal Husnu Can., Akpulat, H. Askin., Aksu, Pinar. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic Effects of Essential Oil from Urtica dioica L.. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, 2012, vol. 88, no. 5, p. 666–671. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0535-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.0
Internal remarks:

Eugenol

Composition #7: Gul, Suleyman., Demirci, Betul., Baser, Kemal Husnu Can., Akpulat, H. Askin., Aksu, Pinar. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic Effects of Essential Oil from Urtica dioica L.. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, 2012, vol. 88, no. 5, p. 666–671. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0535-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Carvone (RF-0538-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9.0
Internal remarks:

Carvone

Composition #8: Timoshenko, AV., Kayser, K., Kaltner, H., Andre, S., Gabius, HJ. Binding capacities of two immunomodulatory lectins, carrier-immobilized glycoligands and steroid hormones in lung cancer and the concentration of nitrite nitrate in pleural effusions . lung cancer, 1996, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 75–84. DOI: 10.1016/0169-5002(95)00513-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lectins

Endpoint study #1: Onal, S., Timur, S., Okutucu, B., Zihnioglu, F. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase by aqueous extracts of some potent antidiabetic medicinal herbs . preparative biochemistry & biotechnology, 2005, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 29–36. DOI: 10.1081/PB-200041438. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Sex:

No data
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

2.3
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition, rabbit liver (IC50)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

Alpha-glucosidase inhibition (rabbit liver) IC50

Genotox #1: Gul, Suleyman., Demirci, Betul., Baser, Kemal Husnu Can., Akpulat, H. Askin., Aksu, Pinar. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic Effects of Essential Oil from Urtica dioica L.. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, 2012, vol. 88, no. 5, p. 666–671. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0535-9. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test (CHD032TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Strain of test organism:

lymphocytes (CHD036ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

The essential oil increased chromosomal aberration rates in human lymphocyte cells.
Internal remarks:

The essential oil increased chromosomal aberration rates in human lymphocyte cells.
Internal ID:

WOS:000302367100004

Genotox #2: Gul, Suleyman., Demirci, Betul., Baser, Kemal Husnu Can., Akpulat, H. Askin., Aksu, Pinar. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic Effects of Essential Oil from Urtica dioica L.. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, 2012, vol. 88, no. 5, p. 666–671. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0535-9. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test (CHD033TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Strain of test organism:

lymphocytes (CHD036ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

The essential oil increased micronucleas frequency in human lymphocytes.
Internal remarks:

The essential oil increased micronucleas frequency in human lymphocytes.
Internal ID:

WOS:000302367100004

Genotox #3: GRAF, U., MORAGA, AA., CASTRO, R., DIAZCARRILLO, E. GENOTOXICITY TESTING OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEVERAGES IN THE DROSOPHILA WING SOMATIC MUTATION AND RECOMBINATION TEST. FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, 1994, vol. 32, no. 5, p. 423–430. DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90040-X. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

somatic mutation assay in Drosophila (CHD045TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Tested organism:

Drosophila melanogaster (as animal) (A0CMC)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

48.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

The prepared tea is weakly mutagenic in the Somatic Mutation and Recombination test in Drosophilia melanogaster.
Internal remarks:

The prepared tea is weakly mutagenic in the Somatic Mutation and Recombination test in Drosophilia melanogaster.
Internal ID:

WOS:A1994NR57000004

Genotox #4: Basaran, AA., Yu, TW., Plewa, MJ., Anderson, D. An investigation of some turkish herbal medicines in Salmonella typhimurium and in the COMET assay in human lymphocytes. TERATOGENESIS CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS, 1996, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 125–138. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6866(1996)16:2<125::AID-TCM6>3.0.CO;2-K. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Strain of test organism:

lymphocytes (CHD036ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Increased DNA strand breaks in human lymphocytes after exposure to an aqueous extract of the herb and fractions of the extract in the COMET assay
Internal remarks:

Increased DNA strand breaks in human lymphocytes after exposure to an aqueous extract of the herb and fractions of the extract in the COMET assay
Internal ID:

WOS:A1996VE89800006