EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Dandelions // Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund. // Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. // Taraxacum sect. Ruderelia

Family:: Asteraceae (Compositae)
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2449
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Cyanogenic glycosides #2: alkaloids #3: saponins #4: scopoletin, aesculetin, aesculin #5: sesquiterpene lactones in roots #6: coumarin #7: Phlobotannins #8: Cardiac glycosides #9: Saponins

Endpoint Studies

#1: whole plant water extract has male antifertility effect

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Jaramillo, C.J., Espinoza, A.J., D’Armas, H., Troccoli, L., de Astudillo, L.R. Concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenols and saponins in selected medicinal plants from Ecuador and their relationship with acute toxicity against Artemia salina Concentraciones de alcaloides, glucósidos cianogénicos, polifenoles y saponinas en plantas medicinales seleccionadas en Ecuador y su relación con la toxicidad aguda contra Artemia salina . revista de biologia tropical, 2016, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 1171–1184. DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v64i3.19537. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 70%
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.42
Internal remarks:

Cyanogenic glycosides

Composition #2: Jaramillo, C.J., Espinoza, A.J., D’Armas, H., Troccoli, L., de Astudillo, L.R. Concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenols and saponins in selected medicinal plants from Ecuador and their relationship with acute toxicity against Artemia salina Concentraciones de alcaloides, glucósidos cianogénicos, polifenoles y saponinas en plantas medicinales seleccionadas en Ecuador y su relación con la toxicidad aguda contra Artemia salina . revista de biologia tropical, 2016, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 1171–1184. DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v64i3.19537. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 70%
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.33
Internal remarks:

alkaloids

Composition #3: Jaramillo, C.J., Espinoza, A.J., D’Armas, H., Troccoli, L., de Astudillo, L.R. Concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenols and saponins in selected medicinal plants from Ecuador and their relationship with acute toxicity against Artemia salina Concentraciones de alcaloides, glucósidos cianogénicos, polifenoles y saponinas en plantas medicinales seleccionadas en Ecuador y su relación con la toxicidad aguda contra Artemia salina . revista de biologia tropical, 2016, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 1171–1184. DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v64i3.19537. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 70%
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.5
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #4: Rodriguez-Fragoso, Lourdes., Reyes-Esparza, Jorge., Burchiel, Scott W., Herrera-Ruiz, Dea., Torres, Eliseo. Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY, 2008, vol. 227, no. 1, p. 125–135. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

scopoletin, aesculetin, aesculin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

scopoletin, aesculetin, aesculin

Composition #5: Mahesh, A., Jeyachandran, R., Cindrella, L., Thangadurai, D., Veerapur, V. P., Rao, D. Muralidhara. HEPATOCURATIVE POTENTIAL OF SESQUITERPENE LACTONES OF TARAXACUM OFFICINALE ON CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED LIVER TOXICITY IN MICE. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA, 2010, vol. 61, no. 2, p. 175–190. DOI: 10.1556/ABiol.61.2010.2.6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (1 :6 w/v)
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

sesquiterpene lactones in roots

Composition #6: Tahtamouni, Lubna H., Alqurna, Noor M., Al-Hudhud, Mariam Y., Al-Hajj, Hameed A. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) decreases male rat fertility in vivo. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2011, vol. 135, no. 1, p. 102–109. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.027. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Coumarin (RF-00000370-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.34
Internal remarks:

coumarin

Composition #7: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

phlobotannins (RF-00011481-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phlobotannins

Composition #8: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides

Composition #9: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.06
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Endpoint study #1: Tahtamouni, Lubna H., Alqurna, Noor M., Al-Hudhud, Mariam Y., Al-Hajj, Hameed A. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) decreases male rat fertility in vivo. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2011, vol. 135, no. 1, p. 102–109. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.027. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

60.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

11
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

1.065
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

Decrease in the fertility parameters (sperm count, motility, testosterone level, diameter of seminiferous tubules and its thickness and fertility rate); disintegration of the seminiferous tubule walls and arrest in spermatogenesis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

whole plant water extract has male antifertility effect