EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman

Family:: Rosaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 268
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: lignans #2: saponins #3: Cyanogenic glucosides #4: Condensed tannins

Endpoint Studies

#1: Moderate rise in ALAT and CK at dosage 1 000 mg/kg body mass #2: 50% mortality and target organs of toxicity of this extract are the liver,kidney and heart #3: Oral LD50 of P. africana water stem bark extract was calculated to be 2201.207 mg/kg body weight

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Nieri, E., Bilia, A. R., Morelli, I. New lignans from Prunus africana Hook. rivista italiana eppos, 1996, p. 27–31. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone/water
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in stem bark
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lignans

Composition #2: Kareru, P. G., Keriko, J. M., Gachanja, A. N., Kenji, G. M. Direct detection of triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2008, p. 56–60. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

distilled water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

oleanane triterpenoid saponins
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Phytochemical screening and FTIR Spectroscopy
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #3: Chapman, CA., Chapman, LJ. Foraging challenges of red colobus monkeys: influence of nutrients and secondary compounds . comparative biochemistry and physiology a-molecular and integrative physiology, 2002, vol. 133, no. 3, p. 861–875. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cyanogenic glucosides

Composition #4: Fashing, Peter J., Dierenfeld, Ellen S., Mowry, Christopher B. Influence of plant and soil chemistry on food selection, ranging patterns, and biomass of Colobus guereza in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, 2007, vol. 28, no. 3, p. 673–703. DOI: 10.1007/s10764-006-9096-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) (RF-00004370-PAR)
Additional substance description:

expressed as % Quebracho tannin equivalent
Analytical method code:

Element spectroscopy (F051A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

78.1
Internal remarks:

Condensed tannins

Endpoint study #1: Gathumbi, PK., Mwangi, JW., Njiro, SM., Mugera, GM. Biochemical and haematological changes in rats administered an aqueous extract of Prunus africana stem-bark at various dosage levels. ONDERSTEPOORT JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH, 2000, vol. 67, no. 2, p. 123–128. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

1000
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Moderate rise in ALAT and CK at dosage 1 000 mg/kg body mass
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Moderate rise in ALAT and CK at dosage 1 000 mg/kg body mass

Endpoint study #2: Gathumbi, PK., Mwangi, JW., Mugera, GM., Njiro, SM. Toxicity of chloroform extract of Prunus africana stem bark in rats: Gross and histological lesions . phytotherapy research, 2002, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 244–247. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.845. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

chloroform
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
Effect concentration:

3.3
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

50% mortality and marked centrilobular hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, diffuse nephrosis, myocardial degeneration, lymphocytic necrosis and neuronal degeneration
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

50% mortality and target organs of toxicity of this extract are the liver,kidney and heart

Endpoint study #3: Karani, L. W., Tolo, F. M., Karanja, S. M., Khayeka-Wandabwa, C. Safety of Prunus africana and Warburgia ugandensis in asthma treatment. south african journal of botany, 2013, vol. 88, p. 183–190. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.007. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract of stem bark
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Balb/c (CHD002ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Meal (G109A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Concentration producing lethality in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD023EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per meal (G221A)
Effect concentration:

2201.21
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

hypo-activity, pilo-erection, low appetite, hyperventilation and mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Oral LD50 of P. africana water stem bark extract was calculated to be 2201.207 mg/kg body weight