EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Plantain for leaves (as plant) // Plantago major L.

Family:: Plantaginaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1629
Number of processed references:: 3

Compositions

#1: Oxalic acid in leaves #2: erucic acid in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Behavioural adverse effects from water leaf extract

Genotoxicity

#1: recombinagenic activity, genotoxicity of water extract from the leaves

Composition #1: Guil, JL., Rodriguez-Garcia, I., Torija, E. Nutritional and toxic factors in selected wild edible plants. plant foods for human nutrition, 1997, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007988815888. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.67
Internal remarks:

Oxalic acid in leaves

Composition #2: Guil, JL., Rodriguez-Garcia, I., Torija, E. Nutritional and toxic factors in selected wild edible plants. plant foods for human nutrition, 1997, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007988815888. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dried biomass was treated with acetyl chloride and methanol
Substance:

Erucic acid (RF-00000249-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.45
Internal remarks:

erucic acid in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Gonzalez, MG., Coto-Morales, T., Rodriguez, GAS., Pazos, L. Sub-chronic toxicity and test of eye irritability of leaf aqueous extract from Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) . revista de biologia tropical, 2003, vol. 51, no. 3-4, p. 635–638. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

40.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

2000
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

on day 2, diminution of the straightening reflex. From day 12, declined alert reaction of the anterior and posterior prehensile activity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

behaviour (CHD001BE)
Internal remarks:

Behavioural adverse effects from water leaf extract

Genotox #1: Pimenta, VMSD., Nepomuceno, JC. Genotoxicity testing of Plantago major extracts in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster . environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 2005, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 56–61. DOI: 10.1002/em.20079. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

somatic mutation assay in Drosophila (CHD045TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Tested organism:

Drosophila melanogaster (as animal) (A0CMC)
Sex:

Male/Female
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

genome mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Water extract from the leaves showed (recombinagenic activity) genotoxicity
Internal remarks:

recombinagenic activity, genotoxicity of water extract from the leaves
Internal ID:

WOS:000226735200006