EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Passion fruit (as plant) // Passiflora edulis Sims // Passiflora incarnata L. // Passiflora laurifolia L.

Family:: Passifloraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 3116
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: Harman #2: Harmol #3: Harmine #4: Harmalol #5: Norharmane #6: Hydrocyanic acid #7: Harman #8: Harmine

Endpoint Studies

#1: Signs of possible hepatotoxicity #2: Signs of possible nephrotoxicity

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. Phytochemical Analysis, 1999, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOAc
Substance:

harman (RF-00003852-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

47.8-224
Internal remarks:

Harman

Composition #2: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. Phytochemical Analysis, 1999, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOAc
Substance:

Harmol (RF-00011120-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

23.8-977
Internal remarks:

Harmol

Composition #3: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. Phytochemical Analysis, 1999, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOAc
Substance:

harmine (RF-00003854-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<=78.6
Internal remarks:

Harmine

Composition #4: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. Phytochemical Analysis, 1999, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOAc
Substance:

Harmalol (RF-00011121-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

745-776
Internal remarks:

Harmalol

Composition #5: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. Phytochemical Analysis, 1999, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOAc
Substance:

norharmane (RF-00003952-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

51-81
Internal remarks:

Norharmane

Composition #6: Cressey, P., Saunders, D., Goodman, J. Cyanogenic glycosides in plant-based foods available in New Zealand. food additives and contaminants - part a chemistry, analysis, control, exposure and risk assessment, 2013, vol. 30, no. 11, p. 1946–1953. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.825819. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional extraction description:

edible fruit flesh
Substance:

Hydrocyanic acid (RF-00000333-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.7
Internal remarks:

Hydrocyanic acid

Composition #7: Grice, ID., Ferreira, LA., Griffiths, LR. Identification and simultaneous analysis of harmane, harmine, harmol, isovitexin, and vitexin in Passiflora incarnata extracts with a novel HPLC method. JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES, 2001, vol. 24, no. 16, p. 2513–2523. DOI: 10.1081/JLC-100105957. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

harman (RF-00003852-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<=0.112
Internal remarks:

Harman

Composition #8: Grice, ID., Ferreira, LA., Griffiths, LR. Identification and simultaneous analysis of harmane, harmine, harmol, isovitexin, and vitexin in Passiflora incarnata extracts with a novel HPLC method. JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES, 2001, vol. 24, no. 16, p. 2513–2523. DOI: 10.1081/JLC-100105957. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

harmine (RF-00003854-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<=0.271
Internal remarks:

Harmine

Endpoint study #1: Rojas, Juan., Díaz, David. Evaluación de la toxicidad del extracto metanólico de hojas de Passiflora edulis Sims (maracuyá), en ratas . anales de la facultad de medicina, 2009, vol. 70, no. 3, p. 175–180. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

200
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Slight increase in alanine aminotransferase levels in males and females and histopathology revealed one case of focal hepatocytes microvesicles.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Signs of possible hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #2: Rojas, Juan., Díaz, David. Evaluación de la toxicidad del extracto metanólico de hojas de Passiflora edulis Sims (maracuyá), en ratas . anales de la facultad de medicina, 2009, vol. 70, no. 3, p. 175–180. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

200
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Two cases of renal tubular necrosis foci.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Signs of possible nephrotoxicity