EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Horehound (as plant) // Marrubium vulgare L.

Family:: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 454
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: Labdane diterpenes in flower (total) - Indole alkaloids #2: Labdane diterpenes in leaves (total) - Indole alkaloids #3: Labdane diterpenes in stem (total) - Indole alkaloids #4: Labdane diterpenes in root (total) - Indole alkaloids #5: Alkaloids #6: Camphor #7: Eugenol #8: 1,8-Cineole

Endpoint Studies

#1: alfa-glucosidase inhibition

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Knoess, Werner., Zapp, Josef. Accumulation of furanic labdane diterpenes in Marrubium vulgare and Leonurus cardiaca. Planta Medica, 1998, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 357–361. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone
Substance:

labdane diterpenes (RF-00004392-PAR)
Additional substance description:

indole alkaloids
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.5-3
Internal remarks:

Labdane diterpenes in flower (total) - Indole alkaloids

Composition #2: Knoess, Werner., Zapp, Josef. Accumulation of furanic labdane diterpenes in Marrubium vulgare and Leonurus cardiaca. Planta Medica, 1998, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 357–361. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone
Substance:

labdane diterpenes (RF-00004392-PAR)
Additional substance description:

indole alkaloids
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3
Internal remarks:

Labdane diterpenes in leaves (total) - Indole alkaloids

Composition #3: Knoess, Werner., Zapp, Josef. Accumulation of furanic labdane diterpenes in Marrubium vulgare and Leonurus cardiaca. Planta Medica, 1998, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 357–361. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone
Substance:

labdane diterpenes (RF-00004392-PAR)
Additional substance description:

indole alkaloids
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.5
Internal remarks:

Labdane diterpenes in stem (total) - Indole alkaloids

Composition #4: Knoess, Werner., Zapp, Josef. Accumulation of furanic labdane diterpenes in Marrubium vulgare and Leonurus cardiaca. Planta Medica, 1998, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 357–361. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone
Substance:

labdane diterpenes (RF-00004392-PAR)
Additional substance description:

indole alkaloids
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.05
Internal remarks:

Labdane diterpenes in root (total) - Indole alkaloids

Composition #5: Aliev, R. K., Aliev, A. M. Chemical composition of Marrubium vulgare and effect of its preparations on cardiovascular system. uchenye zapiski azerbaidzhan. gosudarst. univ. im. s. m. kirova, 1956, p. 69–75. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water, ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #6: Hamdaoui, Bochra., Wannes, Wissem Aidi., Marrakchi, Mohamed., Ben Brahim, Nadia., Marzouk, Brahim. Essential Oil Composition of Two Tunisian Horehound Species: Marrubium vulgare L. and Marrubium aschersonii Magnus. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL BEARING PLANTS, 2013, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 608–612. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydro distillation, Clevenger-type
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.3
Internal remarks:

Camphor

Composition #7: Hamdaoui, Bochra., Wannes, Wissem Aidi., Marrakchi, Mohamed., Ben Brahim, Nadia., Marzouk, Brahim. Essential Oil Composition of Two Tunisian Horehound Species: Marrubium vulgare L. and Marrubium aschersonii Magnus. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL BEARING PLANTS, 2013, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 608–612. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydro distillation, Clevenger-type
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.3
Internal remarks:

Eugenol

Composition #8: Hamdaoui, Bochra., Wannes, Wissem Aidi., Marrakchi, Mohamed., Ben Brahim, Nadia., Marzouk, Brahim. Essential Oil Composition of Two Tunisian Horehound Species: Marrubium vulgare L. and Marrubium aschersonii Magnus. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL BEARING PLANTS, 2013, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 608–612. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydro distillation, Clevenger-type
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.8
Internal remarks:

1,8-Cineole

Endpoint study #1: Mata, R., Cristians, S., Escandón-Rivera, S., Juárez-Reyes, K., Rivero-Cruz, I. Mexican antidiabetic herbs: Valuable sources of inhibitors of α-glucosidases. journal of natural products, 2013, vol. 76, no. 3, p. 468–483. DOI: 10.1021/np300869g. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

hydroalcohol extract
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

31.1
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alfa-glucosidase inhibition (tested in rats intestine extract)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alfa-glucosidase inhibition