EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Euphorbia hirta L. // Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.

Family:: Euphorbiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 945
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: alkaloids #2: saponins #3: tannins #4: Alkaloids #5: Saponins #6: Cardiac glycosides #7: Tannins

Endpoint Studies

#1: Leucocytosis, 20% mortality rate. #2: Mortality (66%), behavioural changes (inactive, refused food and water and had increase in the breathing and heart beat).

Genotoxicity

#1: Methanol extract of E. hirta showed genotoxicity activity (DNA damage).

Composition #1: Hashemi, S.R., Zulkifli, I., Bejo, M.H., Farida, A., Somchit, M.N. Acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening of selected herbal aqueous extract in broiler chickens. International Journal of Pharmacology, 2008, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 352–360. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2008.352.360. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

distilled water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids

Composition #2: Hashemi, S.R., Zulkifli, I., Bejo, M.H., Farida, A., Somchit, M.N. Acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening of selected herbal aqueous extract in broiler chickens. International Journal of Pharmacology, 2008, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 352–360. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2008.352.360. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

distilled water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #3: Hashemi, S.R., Zulkifli, I., Bejo, M.H., Farida, A., Somchit, M.N. Acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening of selected herbal aqueous extract in broiler chickens. International Journal of Pharmacology, 2008, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 352–360. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2008.352.360. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

distilled water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins

Composition #4: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.75
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #5: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.55
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #6: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides

Composition #7: Khan, Amir Muhammad., Qureshi, Rizwana Aleem., Ullah, Faizan., Gilani, Syed Aneel., Nosheen, Asia., Sahreen, Sumaira., Laghari, Muhammad Khan., Laghari, Muhammad Yousif., Shafiq-Ur-Rehman., Hussain, Ishtiaq., Murad, Waheed. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants of Margalla Hills and surroundings. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 5, no. 25, p. 6017–6023. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.869. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.2
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Endpoint study #1: Adedapo, Adeolu A., Abatan, Matthew O., Olorunsogo, Olufunso O. Toxic effects of some plants in the genus Euphorbia on haematological and biochemical parameters of rats.. Veterinarski Arhiv, 2004, vol. 74, no. 1, p. 53–62. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/100 gram (G013A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Leucocytosis, 20% mortality rate.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Leucocytosis, 20% mortality rate.

Endpoint study #2: Rajeh, Mohammad Abu Basma., Kwan, Yuet Ping., Zakaria, Zuraini., Latha, Lachimanan Yoga., Jothy, Subramanion L., Sasidharan, Sreenivasan. Acute toxicity impacts of Euphorbia hirta L extract on behavior, organs body weight index and histopathology of organs of the mice and Artemia salina.. Pharmacognosy research, 2012, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 170–7. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.99085. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Meal (G109A)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

5000
Critical effect:

NOT REPORTED (TOX17A)
Effect description:

Mortality (66%), behavioural changes (inactive, refused food and water and had increase in the breathing and heart beat).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality (66%), behavioural changes (inactive, refused food and water and had increase in the breathing and heart beat).

Genotox #1: Ping, Kwan Yuet., Darah, Ibrahim., Chen, Yeng., Sasidharan, Sreenivasan. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of Euphorbia hirta in MCF-7 cell line model using comet assay. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2013, vol. 3, no. 9, p. 692–696. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60140-9. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

no data
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Methanol extract of E. hirta showed genotoxicity activity in an incubation time-dependent manner
Internal remarks:

Methanol extract of E. hirta showed genotoxicity activity (DNA damage).
Internal ID:

BCI:BCI201400056059