EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Horse-chestnut (as plant) // Aesculus hippocastanum L.

Family:: Sapindaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2383
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Coumarins (fraxin,fraxetin, esculin and aesculetin) in bark #2: fraxin,fraxetin,aesculin and aesculetin (Coumarins) unripe green fruit husks #3: Fraxin, fraxetin, aesculin and aescuetin (Coumarins) in buds #4: fraxin and aesculin (coumarins) in leaves and petioles #5: Aescin (saponin) in the whole plant #6: Aescin (saponin) #7: Saponins #8: aesculetin, fraxin, scoponlin (coumarins)

Endpoint Studies

#1: CNS toxicity leading to death #2: Lethal dose in rats #3: nephrotoxicity - hemorrhage from renal amgiomyolipoma,

Genotoxicity

#1: weak mutagenic potential

Composition #1: Corcilius, F. Paper chromatographic investigations of hydroxycoumarins and flavones from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). planta medica, 1955, p. 55–61. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

fraxin, fraxetin, aescuin, aesculetin
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins (fraxin,fraxetin, esculin and aesculetin) in bark

Composition #2: Corcilius, F. Paper chromatographic investigations of hydroxycoumarins and flavones from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). planta medica, 1955, p. 55–61. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

fraxin, fraxetin, aesculin and aesculetin in unripe fruit husks
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

fraxin,fraxetin,aesculin and aesculetin (Coumarins) unripe green fruit husks

Composition #3: Corcilius, F. Paper chromatographic investigations of hydroxycoumarins and flavones from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). planta medica, 1955, p. 55–61. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bud (as part-nature) (A066Z)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

fraxin, fraxetin,aesculin and aesculetin
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Fraxin, fraxetin, aesculin and aescuetin (Coumarins) in buds

Composition #4: Corcilius, F. Paper chromatographic investigations of hydroxycoumarins and flavones from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). planta medica, 1955, p. 55–61. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

fraxin and aesculin
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

fraxin and aesculin (coumarins) in leaves and petioles

Composition #5: Corcilius, F. Paper chromatographic investigations of hydroxycoumarins and flavones from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). planta medica, 1955, p. 55–61. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

aescin (RF-00010947-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Aescin (saponin) in the whole plant

Composition #6: Hammerstein, F., Kaiser, F. Quantitative direct fluorometric determination of extracts of medicinal plants on thin-layer-chromatograms. planta medica, 1972, p. 5–15. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

aescin (RF-00010947-PAR)
Additional substance description:
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.1-17.1
Internal remarks:

Aescin (saponin)

Composition #7: Khudyakova, S. S., Bogoyavlenskii, A. P., Levandovskaya, S. V., Tustikbaeva, G. B., Tolmacheva, V. P., Makhmudova, N. R., Ermakova, O. S., Berezin, V. E. Obtaining saponins of low toxicity from plants of Aesculus hippocastanum. izvestiya natsional'noi akademii nauk respubliki kazakhstan, seriya biologicheskaya i meditsinskaya, 2004, p. 66–71. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #8: Luyckx, V.A. Nephrotoxicity of Alternative Medicine Practice. advances in chronic kidney disease, 2012, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 129–141. DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.04.005. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

aesculetin, fraxin and scopolin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aesculetin, fraxin, scoponlin (coumarins)

Endpoint study #1: Panigati, D. Pharmacology of escin, a saponin from Aesculus hippocastanum L. Part III: Pharmacokinetics and toxicology. bollettino chimico farmaceutico, 1992, p. 320–321. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

aescin (RF-00010947-PAR)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Piece (G133A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

respiratory paralysis preceded by nervous excitation and other central nervous symptoms
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

CNS toxicity leading to death

Endpoint study #2: Panigati, D. Pharmacology of escin, a saponin from Aesculus hippocastanum L. Part III: Pharmacokinetics and toxicology. bollettino chimico farmaceutico, 1992, p. 320–321. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

aescin (RF-00010947-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

>100
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Effect description:

lethal dose
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Lethal dose in rats

Endpoint study #3: Luyckx, V.A. Nephrotoxicity of Alternative Medicine Practice. advances in chronic kidney disease, 2012, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 129–141. DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.04.005. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Hemorrhage from renal amgiomyolipoma
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

nephrotoxicity - hemorrhage from renal amgiomyolipoma,

Genotox #1: Felipe, M.B.M.C., de Carvalho, F.M., Félix-Silva, J., Fernandes-Pedrosa, M.F., Scortecci, K.C., Agnez-Lima, L.F., Batistuzzo de Medeiros, S.R. Evaluation of genotoxic and antioxidant activity of an Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Sapindaceae) phytotherapeutic agent. biomedicine and preventive nutrition, 2013, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 261–266. DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2012.10.014. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

without
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

the seed extract had a weak mutagenic potential
Internal remarks:

weak mutagenic potential
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-84880375926