EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Xanthium italicum Moretti

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 67
Number of processed references:: 3

Compositions

#1: Sesquiterpene lactones: xanthanolides (leaves) #2: Methyleugenol, ess oil, quantified #3: Camphor, ess oil, quantified #4: Myrcene, ess oil, quantified

Endpoint Studies

#1: Case report horses #2: Liver failure , short term toxicity, mice

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Kovacs, Adriana., Vasas, Andrea., Forgo, Peter., Rethy, Borbala., Zupko, Istvan., Hohmann, Judit. Xanthanolides with Antitumour Activity from Xanthium italicum. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES, 2009, vol. 64, no. 5-6, p. 343–349. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol with further modification
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

xanthanolides: xanthatin, 4-epixanthanol, 4-epi-isoxanthanol, and 2-hydroxyxanthinosin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones: xanthanolides (leaves)

Composition #2: Andreani, Stephane., Barboni, Toussaint., Desjobert, Jean-Marie., Paolini, Julien., Costa, Jean., Muselli, Alain. Essential oil composition and chemical variability of Xanthium italicum Moretti from Corsica . flavour and fragrance journal, 2012, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 227–236. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3084. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

methyleugenol (RF-00003931-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID (F040A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1-1.7
Internal remarks:

Methyleugenol, ess oil, quantified

Composition #3: Andreani, Stephane., Barboni, Toussaint., Desjobert, Jean-Marie., Paolini, Julien., Costa, Jean., Muselli, Alain. Essential oil composition and chemical variability of Xanthium italicum Moretti from Corsica . flavour and fragrance journal, 2012, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 227–236. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3084. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID (F040A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0-1.0
Internal remarks:

Camphor, ess oil, quantified

Composition #4: Andreani, Stephane., Barboni, Toussaint., Desjobert, Jean-Marie., Paolini, Julien., Costa, Jean., Muselli, Alain. Essential oil composition and chemical variability of Xanthium italicum Moretti from Corsica . flavour and fragrance journal, 2012, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 227–236. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3084. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID (F040A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1-1.3
Internal remarks:

Myrcene, ess oil, quantified

Endpoint study #1: Bela, Fazekas., Endre, Bajmocy., Eniko, Orosz., Robert, Glavits., Gabor, Salyi. Italian cocklebur (Xanthium italicum) poisoning of horses. magyar allatorvosok lapja, 2008, vol. 130, no. 5, p. 259–263. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

6.9% Xanthium italicum in fodder
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

23
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

11 of 23 animals died, acute liver dystrophy, pulmonary oedema
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Case report horses

Endpoint study #2: Bela, Fazekas., Endre, Bajmocy., Eniko, Orosz., Robert, Glavits., Gabor, Salyi. Italian cocklebur (Xanthium italicum) poisoning of horses. magyar allatorvosok lapja, 2008, vol. 130, no. 5, p. 259–263. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

horsefodder with 6.9% Xanthium italicum, also stomach content of deceased horses fed with fodder containing 6.9% Xanthium italicum
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

mice died between 1-9 days of feeding; centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis, death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Liver failure , short term toxicity, mice